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KFUPM-CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CHEM 456_072 Homework _ Chapter 8 STUDENT NAME: __Mosaab Al-Sunaidi_________ 1. STUDENT ID.:_259481_ Describe the differences in all aspects between acid and azoic dyes. Class Principal substrates Method of application Acid Nylon, wool, silk, paper, inks, and leather Usually from neutral to acidic dyebaths Azoic Cotton, rayon, cellulose acetate and polyester Fiber impregnated with coupling component and treated with a solution of stabilized diazonium salt Chemical Types Azo(including premetalized), anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, azine, xanthene, nitro and nitroso Azo And in terms of chemical structure: Azo dyes contain at least one azo group (-N=N-) attached to one or often two aromatic rings. Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes, containing one or more sulfonic acid substituents (SO3H) or other acidic groups. 2. Explain the main differences in terms of properties and applications of the following dyes: Disperse dyes, Mordant dyes, and Vat dyes. Disperse dyes: they are water insoluble non-ionic dyes. Fine aqueous dispersions often applied by high temperature/pressure or lower temperature carrier methods; dye may be added on cloth and baked on or thermofixed. They contains Azo, anthraquinone, styryl, nitro, and benzodifuranone groups. Mordant dyes: dyes combine with metal salts (mordanting) to form insoluble colored complexes (lakes). These materials are usually used for the dyeing of cotton, wool or other protein fiber. they can be applied in conjunction with Chromium salts. They contains Azo and anthraquinone groups. Vat dyes: The vat dyes are insoluble complex polycyclic molecules based on the quinone structure (ketoforms). They contains Anthraquinone (including polycyclic quinines) and indigoids groups. They have high wash and light fastness. 3. Describe the reactions of the synthesis of the following intermediates: SO3H OH HO3S SO3H OH HO3S R acid G acid First we can sulfonate the 2-naphtol to get two different isomers: After that, further sulfonation with H2SO4 can lead to the two products. Product be G at low temperature and product R at high temperature. 4. Write all the reactions and the reagents required to produce Amiono G Acid. SO3H NH2 HO3S Amino G Acid The first step is sulfonation with H2SO4: the major product can hydroxylite by: Finally, It can be sulfonated further using H2SO4 and SO3 at low temp, and amminate with (NH4)2SO3 and NH3:
