Download The world map changes (p. 120) The Classical Period was

Name: ________________________________
Due Date: Friday, September 24th
Unit III: The Postclassical Period, 500-1450:
New Faith and New Commerce
&
Chapter 6 Reading Guide
The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Spread of Islam
THE WORLD MAP CHANGES (P. 120)
1.
The Classical Period was characterized by empire building/political boundaries of
increasing size. The Postclassical period will be characterized by what two things?
2.
How were religion and trade tied together?
3.
What 3 world religions will spread during this period?
4.
What was the primary international trade route during the Classical period?
5.
What areas became the most important means of conveying international trade during
the Postclassical period? (NOTE: both were around during the Classical period but they
weren’t as important then and one wasn’t really “international” since one empire
controlled all the land around it.)
TRIGGERS FOR CHANGE
6.
What new group moved into the eastern Mediterranean after Rome fell?
7.
Where did the Byzantine Empire begin to focus its attention later on?
8.
How was trade connected to new and better types of technology? Cite examples of new
tech and their origins.
THE BIG CHANGES
9.
What European region became an area of multiple religions and great creativity?
10.
Here’s a common AP question: what type of religious communities did Buddhism and
Christianity have in common (a difference with Hinduism and Islam).
11.
What major parts of the world were NOT included in the Postclassical world trade
network? (HINT: they will be in the 1450-1750 period)
12.
What new parts were added to the world trade network during the Postclassical period?
13.
Identify the 3 key Chinese inventions that spread westward during the Postclassical
period.
14.
What Indian intellectual achievement spread westward to the Middle East?
15.
What else spread westward via trade routes leading to massive social disruption in the
1300s?
CONTINUITY (WHAT STAYED THE SAME FROM THE CLASSICAL PERIOD!)
16.
What stayed the same in China?
17.
What stayed the same in the Middle East?
18.
What stayed the same about social structures in various civilizations?
IMPACT ON DAILY LIFE: WOMEN
19.
What key aspect of the Postclassical period improved the condition of many women in
Afro-Eurasia?
20.
What did Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam all agree on about women?
21.
What key aspect of the Postclassical period worsened the condition of many women in
Afro-Eurasia?
22.
List examples of oppression women experienced during the Postclassical period along
with the societies those examples are from.
TRENDS AND SOCIETIES IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
NO QUESTIONS
Using the map on page 132, show the expansion of Islam from 622-750. Use
colored pencils, markers, or pencil shadings/symbols but you must include a
key.
Label the following:
Mecca
Medina
Damascus
Baghdad (NOTE: Baghdad located
near the old Persian city
“Ctesiphon”)
Cordoba
Rome
Alexandria
Constantinople
Jerusalem
Starting with Mecca, draw an arrow to each of the succeeding capitals of Islam.
(They are listed in order above.)
23.
In what direction was the “center” of Islam moving?
24.
How was this related to the areas of civilization?
TIMELINE
Insert the following events into the timeline. Pick up on the dates as you read them in the text or
use page 128.
800 CE
D. Abbasid caliphate begins
E. Muhammad receives first
revelations
F. Umayyad caliphate begins
600 CE
A. assassination of Uthman
B. end of Umayyad caliphate
C. Muhammad flees from
Mecca to Medina
Geometric designs
used for decoration
instead of forbidden
human or animal
pictures.
VISUALIZING THE PAST: THE MOSQUE AS A SYMBOL OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
25.
Read the article on page 146-147 and then identify the structure above.
26.
Annotate the picture above with common features of Muslim architecture. (read!) I’ve
done one for you. (NOTE: there are no minarets/thin towers on this structure but you
can see them on the mosque on page 142 and on another famous building on page
478.)
INTRODUCTION P. 126
27.
The manner in which the city of Alexandria (Egypt) was treated by the Muslim armies
tells you what about their values?
DESERT AND TOWN: THE ARABIAN WORLD AND THE BIRTH OF ISLAM
28.
This section begins with the claim that Arabia once had great trading cities but they
had fallen on hard times. It does not say what exactly happened but you know one
reason. What is it? (HINT: look at the map and note where Arabia is and then remember
we are starting a new period of time, the Postclassical, around 500 CE. What separates
this period from the last?).
29.
What people made this place their home?
30.
What type of animals did they domesticate?
31.
What was the importance of towns located near the water or ocean?
32.
What two towns owed their existence to the bedouins?
CLAN IDENTITY, CLAN RIVALRIES, AND THE CYCLE OF VENGENCE
33.
What was a “shaykh”?
34.
How did one become a shaykh?
35.
If the shaykh was at the top of the social structure who was below him and who was at
the bottom?
36.
Identify several causes of conflict between clans in Arabia starting with the two most
important.
37.
How did the bedouins’ code of honor hurt them in the long run?
TOWNS AND LONG-DISTANCE TRADE
38.
What purpose did Mecca serve? (hint: #28 above)
39.
Who founded and dominated Mecca?
40.
Identify this structure:
41.
How did the structure shown in question 40 contribute to trade?
42.
What did the town of Yathrib come to be known as later and who fought over it?
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY IN PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA
43.
Compare the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabian bedouin culture to women
elsewhere.
44.
What was unusual about their marriage practices compared to other societies we’ve
studied this year?
45.
What did elite women wear in Syria and Persia that women in bedouin society did not?
46.
Identify several examples of how bedouin society was still patriarchal despite the facts
you listed above.
47.
How did town life change the status of women?
POETS AND NEGLECTED GODS
48.
What was the primary source of cultural creativity in bedouin society?
49.
How was the bedouin religion similar to the early Greek’s religion? Cite two similarities.
THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD AND THE GENSIS OF ISLAM
50.
Look back at the map on page 129 and provide a more common name for the Sasanian
Empire.
51.
How did the concept of monotheism come to Arabia?
52.
Identify “Muhammad” –
53.
In what trade was Muhammad trained?
54.
Now think back to what you know of the Mauryan dynasty and the status of merchants
in India (p. 63). Make a prediction on the status of merchants in the Arab/Muslim
world.
55.
How does your prediction compare/contrast with what you know about how early
Christian and Buddhists’ views on wealth?
56.
Now predict who will come to dominate trade in central Afro-Eurasia during the
Postclassical period.
57.
Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas from one culture to another. Monotheism
coming to Arabia is one example. A related word is when ideas from one culture are
blended with another to create something new. What is this word and how did
Muhammad represent this? (HINT: we’ve used this word a number of times – I described
it as a “fusion” of ideas).
58.
Identify “Qur’an” (also spelled Quran or Koran) –
59.
The Qur’an, the Bible, the Torah (Hebrew Bible), the Vedas (as in Rig-Veda), The
Analects: what do they have in common?
PERSECUTION, FLIGHT, AND VICTORY
60.
Who saw Muhammad as a threat and what about him (or his ideas) scared them? Why?
61.
Where did Muhammad flee to and gain support?
62.
Identify “hijra” =
63.
What act of syncretism did Muhammad make in regards to Islam and earlier faiths?
(HINT: read Figure 6.3 if you don’t understand.)
ARABS AND ISLAM
64.
How was Islam a unifying force?
65.
Identify a key difference between Christianity and Judaism with Islam.
66.
Identify “umma” -
67.
What else did it provide that their previous polytheistic beliefs didn’t (HINT: #49 above)?
68.
Compare and contrast Islam to Confucianism regarding society or social structure. Cite
one similarity and one difference.
69.
Identify “zakat” –
70.
What religious idea do Christians and Muslims share other than a single God?
UNIVERSAL ELEMENTS IN ISLAM
71.
Who originally embraced Islam?
72.
What helped it win support?
73.
How were all 3 major monotheistic religions related to each other?
74.
List the 5 Pillars. (summarize these – don’t copy word for word)
THE ARAB EMPIRE OF THE UMAYYADS
75.
What led to the spread of Islam?
76.
What is ironic about who ruled this new Arab empire?
CONSOLIDATION AND DIVISION IN THE ISLAMIC COMMUNITY
77.
What was the first major crisis of Islam?
78.
Identify “caliph” –
79.
Remember what you learned about Thomas Jefferson and his ideas on separation of
church and state back in 8th grade that have influenced the U.S. and the West to this
day. How does a caliph represent opposition to that concept and provide one of many
sources of contention between the Christian dominated West and Islam today?
80.
Identify “Abu Bakr” –
MOTIVES FOR ARAB CONQUESTS
81.
What united the Arab warriors?
82.
How were the Arabs like the Huns and Germans?
83.
Who had to pay taxes?
84.
Why did the early Arabs not want to spread their new religion?
WEAKNESSES OF THE ADVERSARY EMPIRES
85.
How did the treatment of peasants play a role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire.
86.
Why did the Copt and Nestorian Christians support the Aram Muslims over the fellow
Christian Byzantine Empire?
87.
What was the most important loss of territory to the Muslims that the Byzantines
suffered?
THE PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION AND THE SUNNI-SHI’I SPLIT
88.
Identify “Uthman” – (include his fate and why he was unpopular)
89.
Identify “Ali” – (flip back to p. 136, right column, 1st paragraph for PART of the info.
Include his connection to Muhammad, why the Umayyads didn’t support him for caliph
after he was older, and his fate) –
90.
Which grouped backed the Umayyads?
91.
Which group backed Ali?
THE UMAYYAD IMPERIUM
92.
What stopped the Muslims from taking over all of Europe? How far did they get?
93.
Where was the capital of Islam moved to under the Umayyads?
94.
Who were first-class citizens under the Umayyads and what jobs did they hold?
95.
Why were Muslim soldiers discouraged from marrying into non-Muslim communities?
CONVERTS AND “PEOPLE OF THE BOOK”
96.
Identify “mawali” –
97.
Identify “jizya” –
98.
Identify “dhimmi” -
99.
Although Islam spread across a vast territory under the Umayyads, there were not very
many who converted compared to the population as a whole. Why?
100.
How were the “people of the book” treated by the Muslim conquerors?
FAMILY AND GENDER ROLES IN THE UMAYYAD AGE
101. How did Islam improve the status of women and marriage in the Middle East?
102.
What roles were women allowed?
103.
Examine the picture below of a traditional burqa garment worn by many women today
in the Muslim world. Where did this practice first appear (see p. 131, “Marriage and
Family…” or “In Depth” on p. 140) and was it common under early Islam?
IN DEPTH: CIVILIZATION AND GENDER RELATIONSHIPS
104. About how long did women enjoy more freedom under Islamic practices?
105.
How were women still inferior to men legally?
106.
Make the connection between the word “assimilate” and the Arab nomadic peoples as
they moved into the old Classical civilizations’ territories. (look it up and then explain –
this is an important pattern that occurs with nearly all nomadic invaders).
107.
Identify “harem” – (Do NOT just write “forbidden area”! Explain what it is and why a
single guy best not be caught there.)
108.
Identify “concubine” – (you’ll be seeing this again so know what it is)
109.
Identify “eunuch” – (writing the word “ouch” is not good enough guys)
110.
How were lower class women in Islamic society similar to lower class women in other
civilizations such as China? (HINT: p. 51)
111.
Why were women more educated in Islamic society?
UMAYYAD DECLINE AND FALL
112. What were some of the internal symptoms of decline in the Umayyad dynasty?
113.
What group) led the opposition to the Umayyads?
114.
Which sect (religious denomination) and other group backed them?
115.
Why would the mawali back them?
116.
The picture below represents Muslim architecture, particularly the arches, and is found
in Spain. How did Muslim architecture come to be in Spain?
FROM ARAB TO ISLAMIC EMPIRE: THE EARLY ABBASID ERA
117. Which sect was supported by the Abbasid and which was persecuted?
118.
Where did the Abbasids move the capital of Islam?
ISLAMIC CONVERSION AND MAWALI ACCEPTANCE
119. How did Arabs view of conversion change?
120.
List advantages of converting to Islam.
TOWNS AND COUNTRY: COMMERCIAL BOOM AND AGRARIAN EXPANSION
121. Cite evidence found here to either prove or disprove your prediction in question 54
above.
122.
Why did towns grow?
123.
Identify “dhows” -
124.
What area of science did the Muslim world excel in?
125.
Which slaves had the worst life and where did most come from?
THE FIRST FLOWERING OF ISLAMIC LEARNING
126. What was the focus of Muslim scholars?
127.
What did they preserve?
128.
What did Muslim invaders in India discover that eventually made its way to Europe and
later contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
129. What bound together the first global civilization?
130.
Who aided its spread?
131.
What else did these people help spread?