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■ What is stress? – Circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being – it is the body’s response to a demand made on it – A problem when those demands exceed a person’s ability to cope Major types of stress. Frustration – blocked goal Conflict – two or more incompatible motivations Change – having to adapt & make Social Readjustment 4. Pressure – expectations to behave in certain ways ■ Responses to Stress 1. Emotionally 1 ■ Emotional Responses – Annoyance, anger, rage – Apprehension, anxiety, fear – Dejection, sadness, grief – Positive emotions 2. Psychologically Fight-or-flight response 3. Behaviourally Behavioral Responses – Blaming self (learned helplessness) – Striking out at others - Frustration-aggression hypothesis - Catharsis - Self-indulgement – Defensive coping ■ defense mechanisms ■ Constructive Coping Effects of Stress: Behavioral and Psychological ■ Impaired Task performance ■ Burnout ■ Psychological problems and disorders ■ Positive effects 2 ■ Psychosomatic diseases ■ Heart disease – Type A behavior - 3 elements ■ strong competitiveness ■ impatience and time urgency ■ anger and hostility – Emotional reactions and depression ■ Stress and immune functioning – Reduced immune activity Impact of Stress ■ Social support – Increased immune functioning ■ Optimism – More adaptive coping – Pessimistic explanatory style ■ Conscientiousness – Fostering better health habits ■ Autonomic reactivity – Cardiovascular reactivity to stress Health-Impairing Behaviors ■ Smoking 3 ■ Poor nutrition ■ Lack of exercise ■ Alcohol and drug use ■ Risky sexual behavior How are you doing? ■ Seeking treatment – Ignoring physical symptoms ■ Communication with health care providers – Barriers to effective communication ■ Following medical advice – Noncompliance Reactions to Illness Reducing the Impact of Stress Building a Stress Resistant Lifestyle ■ Look after myself ■ Establish balance ■ Perform self-care ■ Learn to say “no” ■ Build a social network ■ Ask for help 4 ■ Give yourself a break Coping in Crisis ■ Maintain your balance ■ Set clear limits ■ Understand your own limits ■ Perform self-care ■ Take breaks ■ Use your social network Stress Coping Resources Self-Esteem Major life events Rest Work Demands Exercise Family Demands Leisure commitments Diet Self-efficacy 5
