Download Biological Classification / Biomes

Biological Classification
Classification
Classification is the process of grouping things
by their shared traits.
 At least 1.7 million different organisms
identified on Earth.
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the scientific study of how things
are classified.
Carolus Linneaus
 Swedish scientist who came up with
classification system for living things in the
1750’s.
 He also came up with a way of naming
organisms scientifically called binomial
nomenclature (2-part name).
 The 2 names that identify an organism
scientifically are the genus & species.
A) Organisms in the same genus share similar
characteristics. For example: All cats are in
the genus Felis. All dogs are in the genus
Canis.
B) Organisms in the same species are so
similar that they can mate & produce fertile
offspring.
C) Ex. Of scientific names: (notice that
genus is capitalized but species is NOT).
Felis domesticus (house cat),
Felis tigris (tiger),
Canis lobo (wolf)
Homo sapien (man)
Classification Today
Classification uses the following criteria to
classify organisms.
A) Structure
B) How it develops in life (Life cycle)
C) DNA
7 Levels of Classification
1) Kingdom
2) Phylum
3) Class
4) Order
5) Family
6) Genus
7) Species
Example of Owl pg. 83
Kingdoms
 6 Kingdoms
1) Archeobacteria
One celled prokaryotic (no nucleus)
organisms that are either autotrophic (make
their own food) or heterotrophic (can’t
make their own food)
2) Eubacteria
Similar to archeobacteria except they have
different chemical makeup.
3) Protista
All are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus).
Can be unicellular or multicellular.
4) Fungi
Except yeasts, all are multicellular
heterotrophs. Includes mushrooms & molds.
5) Plants
6) Animals
Bacteria
*There are more bacteria in your mouth than
there are people on the Earth.
 Bacteria cells are prokaryotes (no nucleus) &
they lack other cell organelles (like
mitochondria).
 Bacteria have 3 cell shapes. (Determined by
chemical makeup of its cell wall).
1) Spherical
2) Rod shape
3) Spiral
 Bacteria cell structures & functions
A) Cell membrane – controls movement of
materials in & out of cell.
B) Cytoplasm – gel like material that
organelles float in.
C) Ribosomes – make proteins.
D) DNA – genetic material loose in the
cytoplasm.
E) Flagella – long whip-like strands that help
bacteria move.
 Energy needs.
1) Autotrophes – make their own food.
a) From the Sun
b) From chemicals in their environment.
2) Heterotrophes – don’t make their own
food. They consume (eat) other bacteria or
materials.
 Reproduction
a) Binary fission – a type of asexual
reproduction that resembles mitosis where
one cell makes an identical copy of itself.
b) Conjugation – a type of sexual
reproduction where one cell transfers its
genetic material to another cell though a
thin threadlike material. The cell that
receives the new DNA then undergoes
binary fission.
 Survival
Many bacteria survive by forming endospores
– a small thick wall that acts as armor to
protect the cell’s DNA from heat, cold,
chemicals, etc.
 Uses
Some bacteria cause diseases (usually
Eubacteria), but most types of bacteria are
harmless or even helpful. (They decompose
compounds into more useful chemical & some
are even used in the food industry).
Protist Kingdom
*Often called the “junk drawer” kingdom
because it contains many organisms that don’t easily
fit anywhere else.
 They all are eukaryotic (have a nucleus).
 Almost all live in moist areas.
 May be unicellular or multicellular.
 Some heterotrophes, some autotrophes.
 3 basic categories
A) Animal-like protists – also called
protozoans.
1) Move (in response to food, chemicals or
light).
a) Pseudopods – move by small bulges
in the cell membrane. Ex. Amebas.
b) Cilia – tiny hair-like structures that
move in a wave pattern & make
bacteria move. Ex. Paramecium
c) Flagella – whip-like hairs that move
the bacteria.
d) Sporazoans – not characterized by
how the move but because they are
parasites (organisms that live on &
harm another organism called a host.)
2) Heterotrophic
3) Unicellular
B) Plant-like protists (also called algae)
1) Autotrophic
2) Make most of Earth’s oxygen
(photosynthesis).
3) Unicellular Ex. Diatoms & euglenas
4) Unicellular colonies- groups of
unicellular protists together (not
specialized).
5) Multicellular- many special cells for
different functions. Ex. Kelps &
seaweeds.
C) Fungus – like protists
1) Heterotrophes
2) Have cell walls
3) Reproduce by spores (tiny cells that can
grow a whole new organism).
Fungi Kingdom
 Reproduce by spores.
 Eukaryotes
 Heterotrophes
 Grow in warm, moist places.
Cell Structure
 Some unicellular Ex. Yeasts
 Some multicellular Ex. Molds & mushrooms.
Hyphae – branching, thread-like tubes that
make up the body of multicellular fungi.
 How the hyphae are arranged determines how
the fungus looks.
How fungi eat:
 Decomposers
 Parasites Ex. Athlete’s Foot Fungus
Reproduction
*Asexual
1) spores
2) Budding – no spores produced. A
small yeast cell grows from the body
of a larger parent cell & then breaks
off & lives independently.
 Sexual
2 hyphae grow together & produce spores that
are a combination of both parents.
Plant Kingdom
*Plant characteristics:
1) multicellular
2) eukaryotic
3) autotrphes (through photosynthesis)
4) Most plants have vascular tissue, leaves,
roots, & stems.
*Vascular tissue is a system of small tubelike structures that carry water & nutrients
throughout the plant & also act to support
the plants growing structure.
Plants like mosses without vascular tissue
are called nonvascular plants (they also
don’t have true roots or stems).
*Leaves are the place where most
photosynthesis takes place because they
have the most chloroplasts (organelle that
changes light energy to food).
*Stomata are pores in a leaf that allow CO2
in to plant & H2O vapor out.
*Roots are organs that anchor the plant to
the ground & absorb nutrients & water from
the ground.
*Stems are organs that carry substances
back & forth from roots & leaves.
 Plant groups
A) Nonvascular plants
1) mosses
2) liverworts
B) Vascular Plants
1) Seedless
a) Club mosses (not true mosses).
b) Ferns
2) Seeds
a) Gymnosperms – seeds are in cones or
“naked”. Ex. Conifers like pine trees.
b) Angiosperms – “flowering plants”
seeds are protected by covering called
a fruit. Ex. Most flowers, grasses, &
fruits.
 Plant reproduction
Plants reproduce in 2 stages:
1) Spore stage – tiny organisms cells are
produced.
2) Fertilization – a plant sperm & egg unit
to make the genetic information for the
new spores. (Sexual reproduction).
a) zygotes are fertilized eggs.
b) Embryos are more developed zygotes.
3) Seeds – a protective covering for the
embryo of a new organism. They have 3
parts:
a) embryo
b) stored food
c) seed coat for protection
4) Cones- the reproductive structures of
gymnosperms. There are male & female
cones. Male cones have pollen (sperm) &
female cones have ovules (eggs).
5) Flowers – the reproductive part of
angiosperms. A flower has both male
reproductive parts (Stamens) & female
reproductive parts (Pistils).
Animal Kingdom
*Animal Characteristics
1) Multicellular
2) Cells are specialized (nerve cells, bone
cells, etc.).
3) Heterotrophes
4) Most reproduce sexually (unite sperm &
egg)
 Animal Adaptations
Adaptations are characteristics that allow an
animal to survive in its environment &
reproduce.
1) Herbivores – plant eaters.
2) Carnivores – meat eaters
a) predators – hunt for food
b) prey – animals hunted for food
3) Omnivores – eat both plants & meats.
4) Animals have many specific adaptations
that allow them to find food, escape
predators & capture prey.
Animal Classification
There are about 35 phyla in the animal
kingdom.
 How animals are classified:
1) Backbones
a) Vertebrates – animals with
backbones.(5% of all species)
b) Invertebrates – animals without
backbones. ( 95% of all species)
2) Symmetry – how an animal’s body is
balanced.
a) Bilateral symmetry – you can draw a
line in an animal & get 2 mirrored halves.
b) Radial Symmetry – many lines can be
drawn & get equal portions.
Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, & Mollusks
A) Sponges
1) Characteristics
a) Pore – holes in the body, which aid in
reproduction, getting food, & getting
oxygen.
b) Usually not symmetrical.
c) No tissue or organ development
d) Waste leaves the sponge through a large
opening.
e) Live in water
f) Look like plants & don’t move, but are
animals because they eat food & don’t
make it.
g) invertebrates
B) Cnidarians
1) Characteristics
a) Soft bodies
b) Radial symmetry
c) Invertebrates
d) Live in water
e) Tentacles around the mouth have
nematocysts (stinging cells) that help
capture preys & defend themselves.
f) Reproduce sexually & asexually
g) 2 body types Polyp (vase) & Medusa (bell
or bowl).
h) Specialized tissues (Nerve net)
i) Ex. Jellyfish, sea anemones, hydras, &
corals
C) Worms
1) Characteristics
a) Invertebrates
b) Bilateral symmetry
c) Specialized tissues, organs, & systems
d) Head & tail regions
e) Some worms have primitive brains &
nervous system
2) Phyla
a) Flatworms
1) flat bodies
2) Ex. Planarian
b) Round worms
1) cylindrical bodies
2) One- way tube digestive system (open
at both ends- mouth & anus)
c) Segmented worms
1) Body segments
2) One way tube digestive system
3) Closed circulatory system (blood
travels through blood vessels)
4) Ex. Earthworms & Nightcrawlers
D) Mollusks
1) Characteristics
a) soft unsegmented bodies
b) bodies often protected by hard outer shell
c) Have a mantle – a thin layer of tissue that
covers internal organs & makes the shell
d) Move by a muscular organ called a foot.
e) Most live in or near water & have gills –
organs for removing oxygen from water.
f) Many have a radula – a flexible ribbon of
tiny teeth to help them remove food.
g) Ex. Snails, octopus, squid, nautilus.
Arthropods & Echinoderms
E) Arthropods
1) Characteristics
a) Bilateral symmetry
b) Invertebrate
c) Have an exoskeleton (a protective
covering on the outside.) When they grow
they shed their exoskeletons & grow new
ones through a process called molting.
d) Segmented body
e) Jointed appendages (arms, legs, necks
fingers, etc.) Many arthropods have
special sense organs appendages on their
heads called antennae.
f) Groups
1) Crustaceans
a) 2 or 3 body sections
b) 5 or more pairs of legs
c) 2 or 3 appendages for chewing.
d) 2 pair of antennae
e) Live mostly in water
f) Ex. Crabs, lobsters, shrimp,
barnacles
2) Arachnids
a) 2 body sections
b) 8 legs (4 pair)
c) no antennae
d) Ex. Spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions.
3) Insects
a) 3 body sections (head, thorax,
abdomen)
b) 3 pair of legs (6 legs)
c) 1 pair of antennae
d) Usually 1 or 2 pair of wings.
e) Develop through metamorphosis
(dramatic form change)
1) Complete metamorphosis has 4
stages
1.Egg
2. Larva
3. Pupa.
4. Adult
 In the larva stage an insect often looks like a
worm.
 ** In the pupa stage an insect is covered in a
protective covering (cocoon).
2) Incomplete metamorphosis has
only 3 stages.
1. Egg
2. Nymph (small version of adult)
3. Adult.
f) Ex. Flies, bees, grasshoppers, etc.
3) Centipedes & Millipedes are
arthropods that do not fit into one
of the 3 groups. They have many
segments & many legs.
Centipedes = “100 feet”
Millipedes = “1000 feet”
F) Echinoderms
1) Characteristics
a) 5 part radial symmetrical
b) invertebrates
c) Marine (live in ocean)
d) Spiny endoskeleton (inside skeleton)
e) Water vascular system – an internal
fluid system that helps echinoderms move
& gather food.
f) Ex. Star fish, sea cucumber, sand
dollar.
G) Fish
1) Characteristics
a) Vertebrates – have a backbone.
b) Endoskeleton made of bones
c) Complex organ systems
d) Ectotherms – body temperature is close
to or = to the temperature of their
environment.
e) Live in water
f) Have fins – structures used for moving.
g) Breathe through gills.
h) Bodies usually covered in scales.
2) Types of fish
a) Jawless fish
1) NO scales
2) Mouth scrapes, suck, or stab food.
3) Bodies are cartilage (soft bone)
4) Ex. Hagfish & lampreys
b) Cartilaginous fish
1) Skeleton is cartilage
2) Have jaws
3) Have pairs of fins
4) Have pointed scales.
5) Ex. Sharks, rays, & skates.
c) Bony fish
1) Skeleton hard bone.
2) 95 % of all fish
3) Swim bladder – a gas filled sack that
helps a fish stabilize its body at various
depths.
4) Lateral line – a sense organ that fish
use to pick up vibrations or pressure
changes.
H) Amphibians
1) Characteristics
a) Ectothermic
b) Vertebrate
c) Live part of life in water & part on land.
(Born in water, adult life on land, return
to water to reproduce.)
d) 2 loop circulatory system (fish have 1
loop).
e) 3 chambered heart. {2 atria (top) & 1
ventricle (bottom) }
f) Undergo metamorphosis (egg-larva-adult)
2) Types of amphibians
a) Frogs & toads
b) Salamanders
I) Reptiles
1) Characteristics
a) Ectothermic
b) Vertebrate
c) Lungs
d) Scales
e) Can live entirely on land.
f) Developed kidneys – help regulate water
in the body.
g) Egg with hard shell for protection.
2) Kinds of reptiles
a) Lizards
1) 4 legs
2) tails
b) Snakes
1) no legs
c) Turtles
1) Protective shell
d) Alligators & Crocodiles
J) Birds
1) Characteristics
a) Endothermic – maintain a constant body
temperature usually larger than
temperature of their environment.
b) 4 chambered heart (2 atria & 2
ventricles)
c) Feathers
1) Contour feathers – large feathers that
give birds their shape & help it balance
& steer
2) Down feathers – small, soft, fluffy
feathers that help keep bird warm.
d) Lay eggs
e) Many hollow bones. They make birds
light for flying.
f) Birds must consume about 25% of their
body weight in food to have energy to fly.
1) Many birds have a crop (sack to store
food) & a gizzard (grinds food) in their
digestive systems.
g) Bills & claws are adapted for each bird’s
type of food.
K) Mammals
1) Characteristics
a) Vertebrate
b) Endothermic
c) 4 Chambered heart
d) Hair or fur
e) Mostly live birth – parent’s usually stay
around to protect offspring.
f) Feed young milk produced in mother’s
body
g) Teeth are specialized
1) Incisors – cut parts of food.
2) Canines – sharp teeth that stab & tear
food.
3) Molars – grind & shred food.
4) Premolars - grind & shred food.
h) Complex brains.
2) Mammal groups
a) Monotremes – egg laying mammals.
1) Ex. Platypus & Spiny Anteaters.
b) Marsupials – mammals who give live
birth but develop in heir mothers external
pouches. They have short gestation
periods. (Time between fertilization &
birth.)
1) Ex. Kangaroos, opossums, koalas,
wallabies.
c) Placental Mammals – young develop in
an internal pouch called a placenta.
Gestation period varies from a couple of
months to 21 months for larger mammals
like African elephants.
1) Whales, dolphins & porpoises.
2) Cats, dogs, otters, seals.
3) Rabbits & Hares.
4) Elephants, rhinoceroses,
hippopotamuses, horses.
5) Primates – like monkeys, apes, &
humans.