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Grammar Review Parts of Speech “Cheat Sheet” Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea Proper nouns are capitalized Compound nouns contain two or more words put together to form a single noun (e.g. volleyball, high school, and brother-in-law) A gerund is a word ending in “ing” that acts as a noun (e.g. Fishing is my favorite sport.) Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun Personal pronouns (I, me, you, we, us, etc.) Relative pronouns - introduce adjective and noun clauses (who, whom, whose, which, that) Interrogative pronouns – used in questions (Who…? Whose…? What…? etc.) Demonstrative pronouns – points specific things out (this, that, these, those) Indefinite pronouns – not referring to a specific person or thing (anyone, each) Reflexive pronouns – self, selves forms (myself, himself, ourselves, etc.) Possessive Pronouns – Caution – These words can act as adjectives (his, yours, my, etc.) Verb – expresses action or existence Linking verbs connect the subject to an adjective or noun (Grammar is cool.) Helping verbs are part of a verb phrase (He had been crying.) Adjective – modifies a noun or pronoun Usually precedes word it modifies except in a S-LV-PA sentence (see above) Answers the questions which one? what kind? or how many? about the word it is modifying There are compound adjectives (The huge, maniacal creature attacked us.) Nouns can act as adjectives (a coffee mug or computer desk) A participle is a word ending with “ing” or “ed” that acts as an adjective (e.g fishing contest or completed work) Adverb – modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb Answers the questions where? when? how? or how much? about the word it is modifying They often end in “ly” They are not always close to the word they are modifying At times can be moved around in a sentence Preposition – a word that shows a relationship between a noun and a pronoun and some other word in the sentence (how’s that for a vague definition) Begins a prepositional phrase We will learn a list of approximately 60 prepositions and compound prepositions They are everything you can “do to a cloud” (near a cloud, inside a cloud, etc.) Conjunction – joins words or groups of words Three types – coordinating (and, but), correlative (either…or), subordinating (since) Interjection – expresses emotion with no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence (Whew! Gosh! etc.) Golden Rule of Grammar: A WORD IS A PART OF SPEECH DEPENDING ON HOW IT IS USED IN A SENTENCE.