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Physics 12 Assignment Chapter 19 – Quantum Theory & the Atom 1. Define the following terms: continuous spectrum line spectrum emission spectrum absorption spectrum Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series quantum number Bohr radius ground state excited states binding energy (or ionization energy) 2. In Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom, what keeps the electrons from flying off into space? 3. How can the spectrum of hydrogen contain so many lines when hydrogen contains only one electron? 4. Use conservation of momentum to explain why photons emitted by hydrogen atoms have slightly less energy than predicted by the equation Ef – Ei = hf. 5. For the three hydrogen transitions indicated below, with n being the initial state and n’ being the final state: Is the transition an absorption or an emission? Which is higher, the initial state energy of the final state energy of the atom? Finally, which of these transitions involves the largest energy photon? (a) n = 1, n’ = 3 (b) n = 6, n’ = 2 (c) n = 4, n’ = 5. 6. What wavelength photon would be required to ionize a hydrogen atom in the ground state and give the ejected electron a kinetic energy of 10.0 eV? Physics 12 Assignment Chapter 20 – The Nucleus & Radioactivity Chapter 21 – Nuclear Energy Chapter 20 7. Define the following terms: • Proton • Neutron • Nucleon • Chemical symbol • Atomic number • Atomic mass number • Nucleon number • Strong nuclear force • Nuclide • Isotope • Mass defect • Atomic mass unit • • • • • • • • • • • • Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Radioactive isotope Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus Transmutation Ionizing radiation Neutrino Antineutrino Positron Half-life 8. What do different isotopes of a given element have in common? How are they different? 9. What are the elements represented by the X in the following: 18 82 1 X (e) 247 (a) 232 (d) 38 92 X (b) 7 X (c) 1 X 97 X 10. How many protons and how many neutrons do each of the isotopes in the previous question have? 11. How do we know there is such a thing as the strong nuclear force? 12. What are the differences between the strong nuclear force and the electric force? 13. What is the experimental evidence in favour of radioactivity being a nuclear process? 14. What element is formed by the radioactive decay of: 24 22 (a) 11 Na ( ) (b) 11 Na ( ) (c) 210 84 Po ( ) 15. Fill in the missing particle or nucleus: (a) 45 20 Ca ? e -1 (d) 234 94 Pu ? (b) 58 29 Cu ? (e) 239 93 Np 239 94 Pu ? (c) 46 24 ___ Cr 46 23V ? 16. Can hydrogen or deuterium emit an alpha particle? Explain. 17. Why are many artificially produced radioactive isotopes rare in nature? 18. An isotope has a half-life of one month. After two months, will a given sample of this isotope have completely decayed? If not, how much remains? Explain. 19. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for a 14 7 N nucleus. Note: the mass of a 14 7 N nucleus is 14.003074 u. 20. Show that the nucleus 48 Be (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable to decay into two α particles. Is 126C stable against decay into three α particles? Show why or why not. 21. How much energy is released when tritium, 13 H , decays by β- emission? 22. A 232 92 U nucleus emits an alpha particle with EK = 5.32 MeV. What is the final nucleus and what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the final atom? 23.What is the energy of the alpha particle emitted in the decay 210 84 Po 206 82 Pb ? 24. A radioactive material produces 1280 decays per minute at one time, and 6 h later produces 320 decays per minute. What is its half-life? 25. What fraction of a radioactive sample is left after (a) exactly 4 half-lives, (b) exactly 4.5 half-lives? Chapter 21 26. Define the following terms: • • • • • • • • • • Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Critical Subcritical Supercritical Thermal neutron Moderator Enriched uranium Control rods Primary coolant Secondary coolant 27. Why are neutrons such good projectiles for producing nuclear reactions? 28. Discuss the relative merits and disadvantages including pollution, and safety, of power generation by fossil fuels, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. 29. Light energy emitted by the Sun and stars comes from fusion processes. What conditions in the interior of stars makes this possible? 30. Calculate the energy released in the fission reaction: (6) 88 1 U 01n 38 Sr 136 54 Xe 12 0 n 235 92 Assume the initial kinetic energy of the neutron is negligible. Use the following table: Particle Mass (u) 1 1.008665 0n 235 92 U 235.043923 88 38 Sr 87.90561 136 54 Xe 135.907220 31. Show that the energy released in the fusion reaction below is 17.59 MeV: 2 1 H 13H 24 He 01n