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Electromagnetism
Electricity is related to charges, and both electrons and protons carry a
charge. The amount of the charge is the same for each particle, but opposite
in sign. Electrons carry a negative charge while protons carry positive
charge. The objects around us contain billions and billions of atoms, and
each atom contains many protons and electrons. The protons are located in
the center of the atom, concentrated in a small area called the nucleus. The
electrons are in motion outside of the nucleus in orbitals. The protons are
basically trapped inside the nucleus and can't escape the nucleus. As a
result, it is moving electrons that are primarily responsible for electricity.
Current is a flow of electrons through a conductor, or individual negative
charges. When charge flows, it carries energy that can be used to do work.
Scientists measure current with units called amperes.
Electricity is the buildup of electrons from one material to another. When
this electrical energy is transferred heat, light, sound, and chemical changes
can be produced.
Conductors and Conductivity
There are many materials that allow charges
to move easily. They are called conductors.
Conductors have the quality of conductivity.
The conductor is the object that
allows charge to flow. Conductivity is a quality
related to the conductor. A material that is a
good conductor gives very little resistance to
the flow of charge. This flow of charge is
called an electric current. A good conductor
has high conductivity. Examples of good
conductors include metals such as copper, silver and gold.
Materials that resist the flow of a charge are called insulators. Materials
such as glass, rubber, wood and plastic are all insulators.
Ohm’s Law
One of the most important and basic laws of electrical circuits is Ohm's law.
Ohm’s Law states that the current passing through a conductor is
proportional to the voltage over the resistance.
One way to think of this is as water flowing through a pipe. The voltage is
the water pressure, the current is the amount of water flowing through the
pipe, and the resistance is the size of the pipe. More water will flow through
the pipe (current) the more pressure is applied (voltage) and the bigger the
pipe is (lower the resistance).
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb's Law is one of the basic ideas of electricity in physics. The law
looks at the forces created between two charged objects. Coulomb’s Law
states that the strength of the force exerted between two charged particles
depends on the strength of the charges on the objects and the distance
between them.
Electrochemical Reactions
An electrochemical reaction is a process in which electrons flow between
a solid (electrode) and a liquid substance (electrolyte).
Magnets
Magnetic fields are different from electric fields. Although both types of fields
are interconnected, they do different things. We know that positive and
negative charges are attracted to one another. In magnets the molecules
are uniquely arranged so that their electrons spin in the same direction. This
arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a North-seeking pole
and a South-seeking pole.
A magnet is a material that attracts or repels the same material. North
poles attract South poles. Iron and steel are attracted to magnets.
Sound
A sound wave is a special kind of wave that can be detected by the human ear.
One important characteristic of sound waves is that they are mechanical waves.
This means that they travel through a medium. Sound waves can travel through all
sorts of mediums. Normally, we hear sound waves that have traveled through air,
but sound can also travel through water, wood, the Earth, and many other
substances. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum like outer space, however.
Sound can be defined as the vibrations that travel through the air or
another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's
ear. This vibration causes a disturbance in the molecules around the source.
The energy of the wave is transferred from molecule to molecule within the
medium.
Vibration- the back and forth movement of particles.
Pitch-the highness or lowness of a tone based on the rate of vibration. The
faster the vibration the higher the tone, the slower the vibration the lower
the tone.
Frequency- the number of repeated wave cycles per second.
Period- The time in seconds for one wave cycle to occur.
Sound and pitch are different because sound deals with the amount of
energy carried in the sound way related to its intensity. Pitch deals with the
frequency at which the sound wave vibrates.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy waves that have both an electric and
magnetic field. Electromagnetic waves are different from mechanical waves in that
they can transmit energy and travel through a vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequency. The different
types of waves have different uses and functions in our everyday lives. The most
important of these is visible light, which enables us to see.