Download Regular Biology Chapter 23: Plant Diversity and Life Cycles Notes

Regular Biology Chapter 23: Plant Diversity and Life Cycles Notes
What is a plant?
Very diverse group that range from 2mm to 100m (328 ft.) tall
Are multicellular __________________ whose cells have cell walls that contain cellulose
__________________ that produces food by photosynthesis
Remember the equation for photosynthesis!
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What adaptations helped plants live successfully on land?
Plants probably evolved from multicellular ________________ because both
Before plants could thrive on land, they had to accomplish the following:
To absorb nutrients, ___________ were developed
Botanists believe __________ helped plants obtain nutrients from Earth’s rocky surface
Today, about 80% of all plants species rely on symbiotic relationships with fungi
called ________________________
To overcome water loss, plants have a waxy layer called a ______________ that covers the
non-woody parts of the plant
Because gas cannot pass through this layer, stomata perforate the outer layer of cells
to allow for gas exchange
In most plants, sperm are enclosed in _____________, a structure that keeps them from
drying out
Pollen has the ability to by transported by ________________________________
Why is a plant’s life cycle referred to as “alternation of generations?”
Like algae, the lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages (generations)
 ________________ (haploid, n) -- _______________(diploid, 2n) --gamete producing stage, sperm and
spore producing stage, new plant
egg
forms by mitosis
What are the characteristics of nonvascular plants?
The first plants were small and had materials and water transported within their bodies by
___________________________; the plants that still do this are called nonvascular plants
Most often found near water like streams, coastlines, rivers, etc…
Small plants that reproduce by means of _______________
They lack true _______________________________________________
Examples include ________________________________________________________
How do seedless vascular plants differ from nonvascular plant?
Larger than nonvascular plants, have vascular tissue in sporophytes but not gametophytes
Have true _____________________________________
Water is still needed for fertilization
Examples include ___________________________________________________
The leaves of ferns are called _____________________
What are the two groups into which seed plants are classified?
Most plants today are seed plants—vascular plants that produce seeds
Classified as:
______________________—“naked seed”; seeds do not develop in a fruit, most seeds
develop within a cone
Ex. Conifers (needle-leafed), cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes
_______________________--“cased seed”; seeds develop within a fruit; fruits develop from
part of a flower
Flowering plants
Two subgroups:
_____________—flowering plants whose seeds have one seed leaf (______________)
__________—flowering plants whose seeds have two seed leaves
Number of seed leaves
Leaf vein pattern
Multiples of flower parts
Monocots
One
Dicots
Two
What is a flower, and how does it function in reproduction?
A flower is a _________________________________________________
Male and female gametophytes develop in the flower which promote pollination and
fertilization
Flowers are adapted for pollination by wind and animals
What is the primary function of a fruit?
A fruit is a _______________________________________________________
They provide ________________ for the seeds and function in seed dispersal by animals,
wind, and water
Some plants can reproduce asexually by vegetative reproduction—which is done with
nonreproductive parts such as __________________________________
Regular Biology Chapter 24: Seed Plant Structure and Growth
In vascular plants, there are three types of tissues:
_________________________—protective outer layer of a plant
Ground tissue—_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________—forms strands that conduct water, minerals, and organic
compounds throughout a vascular plant
Two kinds of vascular tissue:
_____________—Have thick-walled cells that conduct water and mineral nutrients from the
roots to the stems and leaves
Phloem—Cells that conduct _____________________ from the leaves to the rest of the plant
A waxy cuticle coats the outside of the stems and leaves
Prevents water loss into the environment and the flooding of water into the plant
What are roots, and what is their function?
Roots anchor plants into the ground, absorb __________________________ from the ground
to the rest of the plant, store organic nutrients like __________________________
Taproot system—large root with smaller branch roots; Ex. Carrots and radishes, mostly dicots
Fibrous root system—many thin branched roots; Ex. Grasses and onions, mostly monocots
What are stems, and what is their function?
Support the ____________, transports substances between the _______________________,
sometimes storage of water and nutrients, some photosynthesis
What are leaves, and what is their function?
__________________________________________________________
The flattened portions of the leaf is called a ___________ which is attached to the stem by a
stalk called the ________________
What are the characteristics of a seed plant embryo?
A seed contains a plant’s embryo and all the components needed for the embryo to grow like
an embryonic root and shoot along with leaf like structures called ___________________
However, a seed cannot sprout until water and oxygen penetrate the seed coat.
Plants can be classified into three basic life spans:
Annuals complete their life cycle in one growing season.
Biennials complete their life cycle in two growing seasons.
Perennials live several years and may reproduce many times.
Deciduous trees are woody plants that drop their leaves every year. Plants that drop few
leaves at a time throughout the years are known as evergreens.
Regular Biology Chapter 25: Plant Processes
Plants need small amounts of at least 14 mineral nutrients aside from water, carbon dioxide
and oxygen.
Major Mineral Nutrients Required by Plans
Nutrient
Importance
Part of proteins; nucleic acids, chlorophylls, ATP and coenzymes; promotes
growth of green parts
Phosphorus
Needed for active transport, enzyme activation, osmotic balance, and stomata
opening
Calcium
Part of chlorophyll; needed for photosynthesis and activation of enzymes
Sulfur
A hormone is _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Hormones have large effects on the growth and development of plants and may stimulate or
inhibit the growth of a plant.
Plant Hormones
Importance
Auxin
Gibberellins
Growth-promoting chemical that causes stems to grow toward ___________
Produced in developing shoots and seeds; stimulate stem elongation, fruit
development, and seed germination
Produced in root tips and other actively growing tissues; stimulate cell
division; may slow the aging of some plant organs
Ethylene
Gaseous organic compound produced when kerosene is incompletely
burned; loosens the fruit of _______________________________________
Slows the growth in plants; maintains the dormancy in seeds; prevent
germination from occurring too early; helps plants withstand drought by
causing ____________ in leaves to close
Questions on the chart above:
1.) Why do you think gibberellins are used commercially in fruits such as grapes, apples,
cucumbers, and peaches?
2.) What does the work cytokinins remind you of from the Cell Cycle unit? (look at their
importance to get an idea)
3.) Why might a farmer use ethylene on their berry plants before they are harvested?
4.) What might happen to the seeds of a plant if the hormone abscisic acid is absent?
How do tropisms affect plants?
Plants modify their growth in response to the direction of light, gravity, and touch. Tropism is a
___________________________________________________________________________
If a plant grows towards a stimulus, the response is a ________________________
If a plant grows away from a stimulus, the response is a _______________________
Examples of tropisms:
Phototropism—directional movement in response to __________
_________________—responses to gravity
Thigmotropism—growth responses to _____________
In many plants, seasonal patterns of flowering and other aspects of growth and development
are caused by changes in the length of days and nights. The response of a plant to the length
of days and nights is called __________________________.