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Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 10 th ed. Chapter 17: Digestive System Chapter 17: Digestive System I. Introduction A. Digestion is ___________________________________________________________ B. Mechanical digestion breaks ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ C. Chemical digestion breaks _______________________________________________ D. The organs of the digestive system carry out the processes of ____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ E. The alimentary canal is composed of _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ F. The accessory organs of the digestive system are ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ II. General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal A. Introduction 1. The alimentary canal is a _______________________ tube that passes through __________________________________________________________________ 2. The structure of __________________, how it ___________________ , and its innervation are similar _______________________________________________ B. Structure of the Wall 1. The four layers of the alimentary wall are ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The mucosa is located ________________________________________ and is composed of _______________________________________________________ 3. The functions of the mucosa are _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The submucosa is located _____________________________________ and is composed of _______________________________________________________ 17-1 5. The functions of the submucosa are___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The muscular layer is located __________________________________ and is composed of _______________________________________________________ 7. When the circular fibers contract, the diameter of the tube _________________ 8. When the longitudinal fibers contract, the tube __________________________ 9. The serosa layer is located _____________________________________ and is composed of _______________________________________________________ 10. The functions of the serosa are _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Movements of the Tube 1. The two types of motor functions of the alimentary canal are ______________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Mixing occurs when _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Peristalsis is _____________________________________________________ 4. Peristalsis occurs when ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Innervation of the Tube 1. Branches of _____________________________________________ innervate the alimentary canal. 2. The innervation of the alimentary canal maintains _______________________ and regulates _______________________________________________________ 3. The submucosal plexus is important for _______________________________ 4. The myenteric plexus is important for _________________________________ 5. The functions of parasympathetic impulses are __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The functions of sympathetic impulses are _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-2 III. Mouth A. Introduction 1. The functions of the mouth are ______________________________________ 2. Mastication is ____________________________________________________ 3. The mouth is surrounded by ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The oral cavity is _________________________________________________ 5. The vestibule of the mouth is ________________________________________ B. Cheeks and Lips 1. The cheeks form _______________________________________________ and consist of __________________________________________________________ 2. The lips surround ______________________________________________ and consist of __________________________________________________________ 3. The reddish color of lips is due to ____________________________________ C. Tongue 1. The tongue is located ______________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ membranes cover the tongue. 3. The frenulum of the tongue is _______________________________________ 4. The body of the tongue is composed of ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Muscles of the tongue function to ____________________________________ 6. Papillae of the tongue are ___________________________________________ 7. Functions of papillae are ___________________________________________ 8. The root of the tongue is anchored to _________________________________ 9. Lingual tonsils are located __________________________________________ D. Palate 1. The palate forms ______________________________________________ and consists of _________________________________________________________ 2. The hard palate is formed by ________________________________________ 3. The soft palate is formed by_________________________________________ 4. The uvula is _____________________________________________________ 17-3 5. The function of the uvula is _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Palatine tonsils are located __________________________________________ 7. Pharyngeal tonsils are located _______________________________________ E. Teeth 1. The primary teeth are ______________________________________________ 2. The secondary teeth are ____________________________________________ 3. The secondary teeth consist of _______________________________________ 4. The arrangement of secondary teeth are _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Wisdom teeth are _________________________________________________ 6. Chewing increases ________________________________________________ 7. Incisors are specialized to __________________________________________ 8. Cuspids are specialized to __________________________________________ 9. Bicuspids and molars are specialized to _______________________________ 10. The crown of a tooth is ___________________________________________ 11. The root of a tooth is _____________________________________________ 12. The neck of a tooth is _____________________________________________ 13. Enamel consists of _______________________________________________ 14. Dentin is _______________________________________________________ 15. The root canal is located _______________________________________ and contains ___________________________________________________________ 16. The pulp cavity is located ______________________________________ and contains ___________________________________________________________ 17. Cementum is ___________________________________________________ 18. A periodontal ligament is __________________________________________ IV. Salivary Glands A. Introduction 1. Salivary glands secrete _____________________________________________ 2. The functions of saliva are __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-4 3. The three pairs of major salivary glands are ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Salivary Secretions 1. Two cell types of salivary glands are __________________________________ 2. Serous cells produce ______________________________________________ 3. Mucous cells produce _____________________________________________ 4. Amylase digests __________________________________________________ 5. Salivary glands are innervated by both ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Sympathetic fibers stimulate the glands to _____________________________ 7. Parasympathetic fibers stimulate the glands to __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Major Salivary Glands 1. The largest of the major salivary glands is _____________________________ 2. The parotid glands are located _______________________________________ 3. A parotid duct is located ___________________________________________ 4. The parotid glands secrete __________________________________________ 5. The submandibular glands are located _________________________________ 6. The submandibular glands secrete ____________________________________ 7. Ducts of submandibular glands open __________________________________ 8. The sublingual glands are located ____________________________________ 9. The sublingual glands secrete _______________________________________ 10. The ducts of sublingual glands open _________________________________ V. Pharynx and Esophagus A. Introduction 1. The pharynx is ___________________________________________________ 2. The pharynx and esophagus function in _______________________________ B. Structure of the Pharynx 1. The pharynx connects _____________________________________________ 2. The three divisions of the pharynx are _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-5 3. The nasopharynx is located _________________________________________ 4. The nasopharynx provides __________________________________________ 5. The oropharynx is located __________________________________________ 6. The oropharynx is a passageway for __________________________________ 7. The laryngopharynx is located _______________________________________ 8. The laryngopharynx is a passageway to _______________________________ 9. Constrictor muscles function to ______________________________________ C. Swallowing Mechanism 1. The events of the first stage of swallowing are __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The events of the second stage of swallowing are ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The events of the third stage of swallowing are _________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The actions of the swallowing reflex are _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Esophagus 1. The esophagus is a passageway for ___________________________________ 2. The esophagus propels food from _______________ to the ________________ 3. The esophagus descends through _____________________________________ 4. The esophageal hiatus is ___________________________________________ 5. ___________ glands are scattered throughout the submucosa of the esophagus. 6. The lower esophageal sphincter is located___________________________ and functions to ________________________________________________________ VII. Stomach A. Introduction 1. The shape of the stomach is _________________________________________ 2. The location of the stomach is _______________________________________ 3. Rugae are _______________________________________________________ 17-6 4. The functions of the stomach are _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Parts of the Stomach 1. The four parts of the stomach are ____________________________________ 2. The cardiac region is ______________________________________________ 3. The fundic region is _______________________________________________ 4. The body of the stomach is _________________________________________ 5. The pyloric region is ______________________________________________ 6. The pyloric sphincter is located ___________________________________ and functions to ________________________________________________________ C. Gastric Secretions 1. Gastric pits are ___________________________________________________ 2. The three cell types of gastric glands are _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Mucous cells secrete ______________________________________________ 4. Chief cells secrete ________________________________________________ 5. Parietal cells secrete _______________________________________________ 6. Gastric juice is ___________________________________________________ 7. Pepsin is ________________________________________________________ 8. The function of pepsinogen is _______________________________________ 9. The function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach is ______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. The coating of the stomach is important for ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. The function of intrinsic factor is _____________________________ D. Regulation of Gastric Secretions 1. Somatostatin is produced ________________________________________ and functions to ________________________________________________________ 2. Parasympathetic innervation stimulates ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-7 3. Gastrin is produced ____________________________________________ and functions to ________________________________________________________ 4. The three stages of gastric secretion are _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The events of the cephalic phase are __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The events of the gastric phase are ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The events of the intestinal phase are _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Cholecystokinin is produced _____________________________________ and functions to ________________________________________________________ E. Gastric Absorption 1. The stomach absorbs ______________________________________________ 2. Most nutrients are absorbed in _______________________________________ F. Mixing and Emptying Actions 1. A stomachache results from _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Chyme is _______________________________________________________ 3. Peristaltic waves push chyme _______________________________________ 4. Stomach contractions push chyme a little at a time into ________________ and backwards into ______________________________________ , mixing it further. 5. The lower esophageal sphincter prevents ______________________________ 6. The rate at which the stomach empties depends on _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________ usually pass first through the stomach. 8. The enterogastric reflex is __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Vomiting results from _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-8 VIII. Pancreas A. Structure of the Pancreas 1. The pancreas is located ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Pancreatic acinar cells produce ___________________________________ and make up the ________________________________________________________ 3. Acini are ________________________________________________________ 4. The pancreatic ducts extends ________________________________________ __________________________ and empties into _________________________ 5. Hepatopancreatic ampulla is ________________________________________ 6. The hepatopancreatic sphincter is ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Pancreatic Juice 1. Pancreatic juice contains ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The function of pancreatic amylase is _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The function of pancreatic lipase is ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The functions of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are __________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Zymogen granules are _____________________________________________ 6. The function of trypsinogen is _______________________________________ 7. The functions of nucleases are _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion 1. Parasympathetic fibers cause the pancreas to ___________________________ 2. The function of secretin is __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The release of cholecystokinin is triggered by __________________________ 17-9 4. The action of cholecystokinin on the pancreas is ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ IX. Liver A. Introduction 1. The largest internal organ is the ______________________________________ 2. The liver is located ________________________________________________ B. Liver Structure 1. The two large lobes of the liver are ___________________________________ 2. The falciform ligament is __________________________________________ ` __________________________________________________________________ 3. The two small lobes of the liver are ___________________________________ 4. The porta hepatic is _______________________________________________ 5. The coronary ligament is ___________________________________________ 6. Hepatic lobules are ________________________________________________ 7. A hepatic lobule consists of _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Hepatic sinusoids are ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. Kupffer cells are __________________________________________________ 10. Bile canals are __________________________________________________ 11. Hepatic ducts are formed from _____________________________________ C. Liver Functions 1. The liver carries on many important __________________________ functions. 2. The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism by _________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The liver plays a key role in lipid metabolism by ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The liver plays a key role in protein metabolism by ______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The liver stores ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-10 6. Liver cells help destroy ____________________________________________ 7. The liver removes ____________________________________________ from the blood. 8. The liver’s role in digestion is _______________________________________ D. Composition of Bile 1. Bile is secreted by ________________________________________________ 2. Bile contains_____________________________________________________ 3. Hepatic cells use __________________________________ to make bile salts. 4. Bile pigments are products of _______________________________________ 5. Jaundice results from ______________________________________________ E. Gallbladder 1. The gallbladder is located __________________________________________ 2. The cystic duct is ______________________________________________ and opens into _________________________________________________________ 3. The common bile duct is formed from ________________________________ _______________________ and opens into _____________________________ 4. Gallstones form when _____________________________________________ F. Regulation of Bile Release 1. Cholecystokinin triggers the gallbladder to _____________________________ 2. Cholecystokinin is released in response to _____________________________ G. Functions of Bile Salts 1. Functions of bile salts are __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Emulsification is _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Lack of bile salts results in__________________________________________ X. Small Intestine A. Introduction 1. The small intestine extends from _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The small intestine receives secretions from ____________________________ 17-11 __________________________________________________________________ 3. The functions of the small intestine are ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Parts of the Small Intestine 1. The three parts of the small intestine are _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The duodenum is located ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The jejunum is located _____________________________________________ 4. The ileum is located ________________________________________ 5. Mesentery is __________________________________________________ and supports ___________________________________________________________ 6. The greater omentum is ____________________________________________ 7. The functions of the omentum are ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Structure of the Small Intestinal Wall 1. The velvety appearance of the inner wall of the small intestine is due to ______ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Intestinal villi are _________________________________________________ 3. The functions of villi are ___________________________________________ 4. Each villus consists of _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. A lacteal is ______________________________________________________ 6. Microvilli increase ________________________________________________ 7. Intestinal glands are _______________________________________________ 8. Plicae circulares are _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Secretions of the Small Intestine 1. Brunner’s glands are ____________________ and are located _____________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Brunner’s glands secrete ___________________________________________ 17-12 3. The enzymes secreted by epithelial cells of the small intestine are ___________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The functions of peptidases are ______________________________________ 5. The functions of sucrase, maltase, and lactase are________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The functions of intestinal lipase are __________________________________ E. Regulation of the Small Intestinal Secretions 1. ____________________________________________ stimulate the duodenal mucous glands to release large amounts of mucus. 2. Chyme stimulates _________________________________________________ 3. Distension of the intestinal wall stimulates _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ F. Absorption in the Small Intestine 1. The most important absorbing organ is the _____________________________ 2. Carbohydrate digestion begins ____________________________________ and is completed _______________________________________________________ 3. Monosaccharides are absorbed by ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Protein digestion begins _________________________________________ and is complete ________________________________________________________ 5. Amino acids are absorbed by ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. Fat molecules are digested almost entirely by ___________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Chylomicrons are _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. Chylomicrons are carried to the blood by ______________________________ 9. The ions absorbed by the intestinal villi are ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Water is absorbed by _____________________________________________ G. Movements of the Small Intestine 17-13 1. Segmentation is __________________________________________________ 2. Chyme moves______________________________ through the small intestine. 3. Parasympathetics enhance ____________________________ and sympathetics __________________________________________________________________ 4. A peristaltic rush is _______________________________________________ 5. Diarrhea results from ______________________________________________ 6. The ileocecal sphincter joins ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ XI. Large Intestine A. Introduction 1. The large intestine is located ________________________________________ 2. The functions of the large intestine are ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Parts of the Large Intestine 1. The parts of the large intestine are ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The cecum is ____________________________________________________ 3. The vermiform appendix is located ________________________________ and consists of _________________________________________________________ 4. The four parts of the colon are _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The ascending colon is located ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The transverse colon is located ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The descending colon is located _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. The sigmoid colon is ______________________________________________ 9. The rectum is ____________________________________________________ 10. The anal canal is_________________________________________________ 11. Anal columns are ________________________________________________ 17-14 12. The anus is _____________________________________________________ 13. Two sphincters of the anus are______________________________________ 14. The internal anal sphincter is composed of ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 15. The external anal sphincter is composed of ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Structure of the Large Intestinal Wall 1. Teniae coli are ___________________________________________________ 2. Haustra are ______________________________________________________ 3. Epiploic appendages are ___________________________________________ D. Functions of the Large Intestine 1. Mucus secretion into the large intestine is controlled by ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The functions of mucus in the large intestine are ________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Chyme entering the large intestine contains ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The large intestine can absorb _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Intestinal flora is _________________________________________________ 6. The functions of intestinal flora are ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ E. Movements of the Large Intestine 1. The movements of the large intestine are _____________________ than those of the small intestine. 2. Mass movements are produced when _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The defecation reflex is triggered by __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17-15 4. The actions of the defecation reflex are ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. A person can inhibit defecation by ___________________________________ F. Feces 1. Feces are composed of _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The pungent odor or feces results from ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ XII. Life-Span Changes A. Maintaining healthy teeth requires _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B. The effects of aging on teeth include _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ C. Dry mouths in elderly people is usually a result of _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ D. Frequent heartburn may be the result of _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ E. Effects of aging on the small intestine include ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ F. The effects of aging on the large intestine include _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ G. The effects of aging on the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder include _______________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17-16