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Plate Tectonics Study Guide (including earthquakes and volcanoes) What is the theory of plate tectonics? The theory that Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces that move and interact What was Pangea? supercontinent consisting of all of Earth's land masses What is the layer of the Earth that the plates move on? Asthenosphere What does the theory of continental drift state? parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core Who came up the Continental Drift theory? Alfred Wegener Where are volcanoes likely to form? Above subduction zones because of the ocean crust being pushed down and eventually melting. This melted magma finds its way up through fissures (cracks) in the Earth’s surface. Mantle (asthenosphere) Where do convection currents take place? Convection currents within the mantle drive plates to move in different directions. The convection currents are driven by the internal heat engine of the core. As the mantle is heated, the hot less dense liquid rises and the cool more dense liquid sinks creating movement within the mantle. What role do convection currents play in plate tectonics? As new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges, new land gradually moves away from the ridge. Why does sea-floor spreading occur What are 3 pieces of evidence for Seafloor spreading? 1. Molten Material - found rocks shaped like pillows, giving evidence of quickly hardened molten material 2. Magnetic Reversals (stripes) - shows a change in the Earth’s magnetic poles 3. Drilling Samples (the further away from the ridge a sample was taken, the older the rock was) What is paleomagnetism? The study of Earth’s magnetic field What is the main factor that determines what type of collision occurs between 2 tectonic plates? DENSITY!! (Ex. A pound of Lead is denser than a pound of cotton) Why do oceanic plates always subduct under the continental plates? Oceanic plates are more dense that continental plates. What is the evidence that supports continental drift? 1. Continents fit together like a puzzle 2. Distribution of climates do not match current climates. 3. Distribution of fossils seems unlikely. 4. 1 Matching rock units and Mountain Belts Scientists use earthquake waves to map the structure of the inside of the earth. Different waves act differently as they travel through different layers of the earth Scientists know that the outer core is liquid because Swaves do not travel through liquids. How do scientists know the inside of the earth is made up of layers? Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created. 1. Convergent boundary - continental to continental 2. Plates are colliding 3. Mountains are being formed Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created 1. Divergent boundary - oceanic to oceanic 2. Plates are moving apart 3. Mid-ocean ridge has been formed Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created 1. Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 1. Explain what land feature has been created Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. A trench and island arc (under water volcano) have formed. 2. Plates are colliding 3. A trench and volcano have formed Converging oceanic to oceanic plates 2. Plates are colliding 1. Transform boundary 2. Sliding past each other 3. Explain what happens at this boundary. 1. Converging boundary - oceanic to continental plate Identify the type of fault. 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 3. Earthquakes are common. 1. Normal Fault 2. Stress = Tension 3. Divergent plate boundaries may cause normal faults (tension). 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 2 1. Identify the type of fault. 1. 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 2. Stress = Compression 3. Convergent plate boundaries may cause reverse faults 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 1. Reverse Fault (compression). Identify the type of fault. 1. Strike-slip Fault 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 2. Stress = Shearing 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 3. Transform plate boundaries may cause strike-slip faults (shearing). What is an earthquake? Shaking that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth’s surface Where do most earthquakes occur? Along all three types of plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform) What is the focus of an earthquake? The point under Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and causes the earthquake What is the epicenter of an earthquake? The point on earth’s surface directly above the focus What is a seismic wave? A vibration that travels through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake What do seismographs measure? Records ground movements Where does most of the damage from an earthquake occur? Near the epicenter What is a volcano? A weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface Which type of plate boundary does not typically include volcanoes? Transform What is a hot spot? An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it How did the Hawaiian Islands form? Lava erupted from the hot spot and built a volcanic island. The plate moved slowly and carried the island away from the hot spot. Another volcanic island formed and was carried away What is an island arc? Chain of volcanic islands that forms because of subduction at a convergent boundary between two oceanic plates 3 Describe a P-Wave Primary Wave (Compression Wave) Travels phastest so it arrives at a seismic stations phirst Push-pull wave: rock vibrates forward and backward in the same direction that the wave travels Pass through solids, liquids (magma), and gasses Describe a S-Wave Secondary Wave- arrives at a seismic station second. Slow wave- not as fast as the P-wave. Shear Wave- vibrates side-to-side (right angles) Solids wave- only travels through Solids. Fill in the chart. Primary (Pwaves) Travel through solids x Travel through liquids x Fastest waves x Secondary (Swaves) Surface Waves (Lwaves) x x Slowest waves x Cause most damage x Here’s some websites you can use to practice for this test: http://www.quia.com/quiz/2017129.html (plate tectonics) http://www.glencoe.com/qe/science.php?qi=278n (plate tectonics) http://www.glencoe.com/qe/science.php?qi=274 (earthquakes) Flashcards: http://quizlet.com/31123017/plate-tectonics-flash-cards/ http://quizlet.com/31122674/earthquakes-flash-cards/ 4