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Name:__________________________ Date:___________ Period:___________ What is a ROCK? Three Types The Rock Cycle Rock Cycle Diagram 1 Igneous Rock ________________________________________________________ Lava Magma Formation of Igneous Rocks: Intrusive Igneous Rocks Ex: Extrusive Igneous Rocks Ex: Classification of Igneous Rocks 2 A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface is called an Igneous rocks are formed by— A. intrusive metamorphic rock B. intrusive igneous rock C. extrusive sedimentary rock D. extrusive igneous rock A. heat and pressure B. evaporation of water C. hardening molten rock D. layers of mud What is a SEDIMENTARY Rock? Processes: Formation of Sedimentary Rock 1. Weathering ______________________________________________________ 2. Erosion __________________________________________________________ 3. Deposition _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 4. Compaction ______________________________________________________ 5. Cementation _____________________________________________________ What is a METAMORPHIC rock? Metamorphism: ________________________________ Agents of Metamorphism Heat Pressure Hydrothermal Solution 3 Classification of Metamorphic Rocks Classified by __________________________________________ Classified by Texture Foliated Metamorphic Rock EX: ______________________ Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock Ex: __________________________________ Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called— A. unfoliated B. nonclastic C. clastic D. foliated Heat and pressure can transform igneous rock into metamorphic rock. What processes can transform igneous rock into sedimentary rock? A. heat and pressure B. rifting and subduction C. erosion and sedimentation D. evaporation and condensation Scientists us the rock cycle to describe the processes by which— A. all different types of fossils were transformed into rock B. one type of rock can be changed into another type of rock C. tectonic plates shift around the earth’s surface D. mineral crystals and composition are identified 4 It all started with CONTINENTAL DRIFT Evidence of Continental Drift The Theory of Plate Tectonics Plates * + * + * + * + * + * + * 5 Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary Transform Fault Boundary 6 Evidence of Plate Tectonics Paleomagnetism: Ocean Drilling: Cause of Plate Motion Faults and Folds Three Types of Stress Tensional Stress Compressional Stress Shear Stress 7 Folds Anticlines Synclines Monoclines Faults Normal Fault Reverse Fault Thrust Fault Strike-Slip Fault 8 What is a VOLCANO? Ejects __________________ that formed at _____________________ Factors Affecting Eruption Viscosity * Dissolved Gases __________________ and _________________ More Pyroclastic Material Lahar 9 Parts of a Volcano Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity The basic Ring of Fire: Intraplate Activity Occurs ____________ a __________, not _______________________ Hot Spot: Example: _____________________________ 10 What is An Earthquake? Focus: Epicenter: Faults: Causes of Earthquakes Elastic Rebound Hypothesis Release of __________________________ Most When Before & After Foreshock Aftershock 11 Measuring Earthquakes Seismology The _____________ of _______________________ Seismographs: Seismograms: Earthquake Waves A. Surface Waves B. P-waves C. S-waves 12 Locating an Earthquake Use a _______________________________ Need Measuring Earthquakes Intensity: Magnitude: Destruction from Earthquakes Seismic Vibration * * * Liquefaction: 13 Tsunamis Other Dangers Landslides: * Fire: caused by _____________________________ Predicting Earthquakes Short-Range Long-Range Seismic Gap: Earth’s Layered Structure Layers Defined by Composition Crust _______, _________ outer ____________ of ______________ Either ______________________ or ________________________ ____________ crust is _______________________ thick ________________ crust is ___________________________ thick Mantle _________ of Earth’s _____________ __________ rock at the ________, _____________ at the ______________ 14 Core Composed of _______________________ Extreme ________________ found in the ___________ of the ____________ Layers Defined by Physical Properties Lithosphere The ___________ and uppermost ______________ _________, rigid ____________ ___________________ thick Asthenosphere Soft, ___________________ weak __________ Below the ______________________ _________ close to ________________ Outer Core _____________ layer _________________________ thick Metallic ________ generates Earth’s _______________ field Inner Core ___________ layer having a _____________ of _______________________ High __________________ & high ______________________ ______________ mostly 15 What is Weathering? Two Types: What is Mechanical Weathering? Three Types Frost Wedging Eventually _____________ rocks into _____________ Unloading Exfoliation—slabs of _______________ separate and __________________ Biological Activity 16 What is Chemical Weathering? Agents and Evidence of Chemical Weathering Water Granite ______________ of _______________________ produce _________________, soluble ____________________________ and __________ in _______________ Rate of Weathering How _______ the rocks ____________ Two Factors Rock characteristics— Climate Favors ______________________________________________ Soil Soil— Regolith— How is Soil Formed _____________ is __________ by _______ being ___________________ Parent Material Residual soil—_______________________________________ Transported soil— 17 Characteristics of Soil Soil Composition Soil has _____________ components A. __________ matter—_____________________ B. ___________— ____________ remains of _____________ C. ___________ D. ___________ Soil Texture Texture refers to the ________________ of ______________ particle __________ A. __________(________________) B. __________--_____________________ C. __________ (________________) __________ (a __________ of all ________________) is ________ suited for ____________ Soil Structure Soil ______________________ together to _______ a __________ its __________ Time, Climate, Organisms and Slope Time Climate Organism Slope ________________ often have ___________ developed ___________ 18 Soil Profile Humus ______ horizon--___________ ______ horizon--_________________________ ______ horizon--___________ Bedrock How does Water Erode the Soil? Processes of Water Erosion 1. ___________________ 2. ___________________ 3. ___________________ 4. ___________________________________ How can Humans Control Erosion? What is Mass Movement? Triggers of Mass Movement 19 Water Oversteepened Slopes Removal of Vegetation Earthquakes Classifications of Mass Movement Rockfalls Avalanches Slides Slumps 20 Flows Mudflows— Earthflows— Creep 21