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Name:__________________________
Date:___________
Period:___________
What is a ROCK?
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Three Types
The Rock Cycle
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Rock Cycle Diagram
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Igneous Rock ________________________________________________________
Lava
Magma
Formation of Igneous Rocks:
Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Ex:
Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Ex:
Classification of Igneous Rocks
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A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath
Earth’s surface is called an
Igneous rocks are formed by—
A. intrusive metamorphic rock
B. intrusive igneous rock
C. extrusive sedimentary rock
D. extrusive igneous rock
A. heat and pressure
B. evaporation of water
C. hardening molten rock
D. layers of mud
What is a SEDIMENTARY Rock?
Processes:
Formation of Sedimentary Rock
1. Weathering ______________________________________________________
2. Erosion __________________________________________________________
3. Deposition _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. Compaction ______________________________________________________
5. Cementation _____________________________________________________
What is a METAMORPHIC rock?

 Metamorphism: ________________________________
Agents of Metamorphism
Heat
Pressure
Hydrothermal Solution
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Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
 Classified by __________________________________________
Classified by Texture
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
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 EX: ______________________
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
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 Ex: __________________________________
Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are arranged in layers or bands are called—
A. unfoliated
B. nonclastic
C. clastic
D. foliated
Heat and pressure can transform igneous rock into metamorphic rock. What processes can
transform igneous rock into sedimentary rock?
A. heat and pressure
B. rifting and subduction
C. erosion and sedimentation
D. evaporation and condensation
Scientists us the rock cycle to describe the processes by which—
A. all different types of fossils were transformed into rock
B. one type of rock can be changed into another type of rock
C. tectonic plates shift around the earth’s surface
D. mineral crystals and composition are identified
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It all started with CONTINENTAL DRIFT
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Evidence of Continental Drift
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The Theory of Plate Tectonics
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Plates
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Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent Boundary
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Convergent Boundary
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Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary
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Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary
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Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary
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Transform Fault Boundary
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Evidence of Plate Tectonics
 Paleomagnetism:
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 Ocean Drilling:
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Cause of Plate Motion
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Faults and Folds
Three Types of Stress
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Tensional Stress
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Compressional Stress
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Shear Stress
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Folds
Anticlines
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Synclines
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Monoclines
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Faults
Normal Fault
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Reverse Fault
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Thrust Fault
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Strike-Slip Fault
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What is a VOLCANO?
 Ejects __________________ that formed at _____________________
Factors Affecting Eruption
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Viscosity
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Dissolved Gases
 __________________ and _________________
 More
Pyroclastic Material
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Lahar
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Parts of a Volcano
Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity
 The basic
 Ring of Fire:
Intraplate Activity
 Occurs ____________ a __________, not _______________________

 Hot Spot:
 Example: _____________________________
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What is An Earthquake?

Focus:
 Epicenter:
 Faults:
Causes of Earthquakes
Elastic Rebound Hypothesis
 Release of __________________________
 Most
 When
Before & After
Foreshock
Aftershock
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Measuring Earthquakes
Seismology
 The _____________ of _______________________
 Seismographs:
 Seismograms:
Earthquake Waves
A. Surface Waves
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B. P-waves
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C. S-waves
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Locating an Earthquake
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 Use a _______________________________
 Need
Measuring Earthquakes
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 Intensity:
 Magnitude:
Destruction from Earthquakes
Seismic Vibration
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 Liquefaction:
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Tsunamis
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Other Dangers
 Landslides:
*
 Fire: caused by _____________________________
Predicting Earthquakes
Short-Range
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Long-Range
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 Seismic Gap:
Earth’s Layered Structure
Layers Defined by Composition
Crust
 _______, _________ outer ____________ of ______________
 Either ______________________ or ________________________
 ____________ crust is _______________________ thick
 ________________ crust is ___________________________ thick
Mantle
 _________ of Earth’s _____________
__________ rock at the ________, _____________ at the ______________
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Core
 Composed of _______________________
 Extreme ________________ found in the ___________ of the ____________
Layers Defined by Physical Properties
Lithosphere
 The ___________ and uppermost ______________
 _________, rigid ____________
 ___________________ thick
Asthenosphere
 Soft, ___________________ weak __________
 Below the ______________________
 _________ close to ________________
Outer Core
 _____________ layer _________________________ thick
 Metallic ________ generates Earth’s _______________ field
Inner Core
 ___________ layer having a _____________ of _______________________
 High __________________ & high ______________________
 ______________ mostly
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What is Weathering?
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 Two Types:
What is Mechanical Weathering?
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Three Types
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Frost Wedging
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Eventually _____________ rocks into _____________
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Unloading
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Exfoliation—slabs of _______________ separate and __________________
Biological Activity
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What is Chemical Weathering?
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Agents and Evidence of Chemical Weathering
Water
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Granite
______________ of _______________________ produce _________________,
soluble ____________________________ and __________ in _______________
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Rate of Weathering
How _______ the rocks ____________
Two Factors
Rock characteristics—
Climate
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Favors ______________________________________________
Soil
Soil—
Regolith—
How is Soil Formed
_____________ is __________ by _______ being ___________________
Parent Material
Residual soil—_______________________________________
Transported soil—
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Characteristics of Soil
Soil Composition
Soil has _____________ components
A. __________ matter—_____________________
B. ___________— ____________ remains of
_____________
C. ___________
D. ___________
Soil Texture
Texture refers to the ________________ of ______________ particle __________
A. __________(________________)
B. __________--_____________________
C. __________ (________________)
 __________ (a __________ of all ________________) is ________ suited for
____________
Soil Structure
Soil ______________________ together to _______ a __________ its __________
Time, Climate, Organisms and Slope
Time
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Climate
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Organism
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Slope
________________ often have ___________ developed ___________
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Soil Profile
Humus
______ horizon--___________
______ horizon--_________________________
______ horizon--___________
Bedrock
How does Water Erode the Soil?
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Processes of Water Erosion
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________________________
How can Humans Control Erosion?
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What is Mass Movement?
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Triggers of Mass Movement
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Water
Oversteepened Slopes
Removal of Vegetation
Earthquakes
Classifications of Mass Movement
Rockfalls
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Avalanches
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Slides
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Slumps
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Flows
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Mudflows—
Earthflows—
Creep
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