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HW 14.1: Revolutions in Russia
Directions: As you read, fill out the outline below. Highlight or circle
significant events, terms, and dates.
Setting the Stage: The cruel, oppressive rule of most 19th century czars caused social unrest for
many years. There were attempts to overthrow the government throughout the 19th century, and by
1917, Russia was heading toward a full-scale revolution.
I.
Czars Resist Change
**Alexander III (1881) clung to principles of AUTOCRACY (total power) & the czar cracked down on
anyone who questioned the authority of the czar, worshipped outside the Russian Orthodox Church and
spoke a different language
A. Czars Continue Autocratic Rule
1. Alexander III used harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries
a. strict censorship codes
b. secret police:
c. teachers:
d. political prisoners sent to Siberia
2. Establishing uniform Russian culture (Russification)
a. Oppressed other national groups
b. Language:
c. Alexander III mad Jews the target of persecution – POGROMS =
_________________________
3. Nicholas II (last czar of Russia) – continued tradition of _____________
II.
Russia Industrializes
A. Nicholas’s most capable minister launched a program to industrialize further
1. sought:
2. boosted:
3. Trans-Siberian _______________________
B. The Revolutionary Movement Grows
1. Rapid industrialization brought _____________________________
2. Several revolutionary movements began to grow & compete for power
3. Marxist Revolutionaries believed ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
4. Russian Marxists split into 2 groups:
a. ________________ = moderates; wanted popular support for revolution
b. _________________ = radicals who supported a small number of
revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change
i.
____________ (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov): leader of
Bolsheviks
III.
Crises at Home and Abroad
A. The Russo-Japanese War: News of Russian loses sparked unrest at home
B. Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905
1. Jan 1905: 200,000 workers and their families approached the czar’s
winter Palace to petition for ___________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Czar’s generals fired on the crowd & more than 1000 wounded
3. Bloody Sunday provoked ____________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. Oct 1905, Nicholas II promised ______________ and approved of
the______ = Russia’s first Parliament, but the czar _______________
____________________________________
C.WWI: The Final Blow
1. Russian forces were no match for the German army – over 4 million
Russian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner
2. The war revealed _________________________________________
3. The Czar moved to the war front, while __________________________
ran the govt
a. Alexandra trusted _________________________________
____________________________________________________
b. Nobles feared ________________________________________
4. On the battlefields, Russia continued to suffer heavy losses
5. On the home front, __________________________________________
= ppl called for change & end to the war!
IV.
The March Revolution
** Women led strikes and riots erupted over shortages of BREAD and FUEL.
Ppl swarmed streets and shouted, “Down with the autocracy!” & “Down with the war!”
A. The Czar Steps Down
1. These uprisings (March Rev) forced ____________________________
2. Revolutionaries later killed the entire family
3. March Revolution successful in _______________________________
BUT failed to _____________________________
4. PROVISIONAL GOVT = __________________ in which ___________
________________ headed
a. failed bc ____________________________
b. conditions _________________________________
5. Revolutionaries formed ___________ (local councils made of peasants,
workers, and soldiers) & began to gain more influence
B. Lenin Returns to Russia
1. Germans arranged for Lenin to return to Russia to stir things up inRussia
V.
The Bolshevik Revolution
**Bolsheviks gained control of soviets in major Russian cities. Ppl rallied, “All power to the
soviets,” & Lenin’s slogan, “Peace, Land, and Bread”
A. The Provisional Government Topples
1. Nov 1917: armed factory workers(______________________________)
stormed the Winter Palace and took over the provisional government.
B. Bolsheviks in Power
1. Lenin ordered _____________________________________________
2. Bolshevik govt signed the ___________________ & surrendered
___________________________________________________
3. Humiliating terms of treaty triggered anger among the Russians –
objected to Bolshevik policies & murder of the royal family
C. Civil War Rages in Russia (1918-1920)
1. Bolsheviks now face challenge of stamping out their enemies at home
2. Opponents = _______________ (those that supported the czar, whose
who wanted democratic govt, those who opposed Lenin) – divided &
didn’t cooperate
3. __________________________ = leader of the Red Army
4. Western nations sent military aid to the White Army (it was of little help)
5. Effects of RRev:
a. 4 million Russians _____________________________________
______________________________________________________
b. Red Army crushed all opposition & Bolsheviks ________________
____________________________________________
D. Comparing World Revolutions
1. Russian Revolution is more like the _____________________ in that it
attempted to _________________________________________
________________________________________________________
VI.
Lenin Restores Order
A. New Economic Policy (NEP)
1. NEP = _________________________; allowed peasants to sell their
surplus crop instead of _____________________________________
2. govt kept control of _______________________________________,
but it let _________________________________________________
3. Country slowly recovered
B. Political Reforms
1. Bolsheviks saw _____________________ as a threat to unity and
party loyalty
2. Lenin organized Russia into ______________________________
__________________________________________
3. 1922, country was named _________________________ (USSR)
4. Bolsheviks renamed their party the ___________________________
5. Lenin had established a dictatorship of ______________________,
not “___________________________________”
VII. Stalin Becomes Dictator
A. Lenin suffers a stroke and ______________________ &
______________________ compete for head of the Communist Party
B. ________________ wielded a lot of power as general secretary of the
Communist Party
C. By 1928, Stalin _____________________________________________
D. Trotsky was forced into exile & Stalin will now have absolute power as a
dictator
OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the autocratic methods of Alexander III.
2. Describe the economic changes under Nicholas II.
3. Explain the crises that paved the way for the march Revolution and the end of
czarist rule.
4. Summarize the Bolshevik Revolution and its outcome.
5. Explain Lenin’s reforms and Stalin’s rise.