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Name:_________________________________ __________ Date:_____ Period:_____ Bacteria Bite Back After reading the article, “Bacteria Bite Back,” answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. What is an antibiotic? A drug that kills bacteria, often by interfering with the cell wall or bacterium metabolism. 2. What does CDC stand for, and where is the CDC located? Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. 3. What was the force behind the evolution of new, antibiotic resistant microbes? Antibiotic drugs used to treat bacterial infection gave rise to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. USE AND OVERUSE, AND MISUSE. 4. List three types of bacteria, and the diseases they cause, that have become resistant to antibiotics. 1. Enterococcus faecalis - can cause urinary tract, bile duct, and wound infections. 2. Staphylococcus aureus – most common infection causing bacteria in hospitals, creates wound infections, blood poisoning, and pneumonia. 3. Mycobacterium tuberculosis – causes tuberculosis 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa – pneumonia Enterococcus faecalis – urinary tract and blood infections 5. Describe how the antibiotics penicillin and tetracycline work to kill bacteria. Penicillin “busts” the bacterial wall. Tetracycline cripples the bacteria’s ability to reproduce (metabolism) DESTROY STRUCTURE OR MESS UP METABOLISM. 6. Who is most likely to die from antibiotic resistant bacteria? The very young, the very old, and those with compromised immune systems. 7. List and describe three ways that ordinary bacteria can get antibiotic-resistant genes from other bacteria, and turn into “superbugs.” 1. Antibiotic-resistant genes are often found on plasmids (circular DNA). Plasmids can transfer from one type of bacteria to a different kind, as long as the germs are in contact. 2. When a bacterium dies, it can release its insides into the immediate environment. A nearby bacterium can absorb a drug-resistant gene from the dead bacterium. 3. Some viruses that infect bacteria can extract a gene from one bacterium and inject it into another bacterium. SHARE THEIR DNA WITH EACH OTHER! 8. Why is it imperative to follow the dosage prescribed by the doctor when taking antibiotics? Each day an antibiotic is taken it kills a certain amount of bacterial cells. The more susceptible (weaker) bacteria are killed first. The more resistant (stronger) bacteria are the last to be killed. If the medications is not completed, the resistant (stronger) bacteria are the ones that reproduce. THE WEAK DIE FIRST, THE STRONG SURVIVE LONGER. 9. Explain why it is not necessary for most people to use antibacterial soaps. Soap will get rid of bacteria, there is no need for antibacterial soaps outside of a medical facility. 10. Why is it important to NOT prescribe antibiotics to treat viral infections? Antibiotics do not work on viruses. When antibiotics are given to treat viruses, they inadvertently (accidentally) help bacteria to gain resistance to the antibiotic prescribed. 11. How does the antibiotic linezolid work to kill bacteria? Linezolid disables a bacterium’s RNA. As a result, the cell starves to death. Linezolid targets specific genes in the bacterial cell that would help the bacterium to develop resistance to an antibiotic.