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BIOLOGY NOTES
ECOLOGY PART 3
PAGES 431-447 484-505
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NAME:
DAY / MOD:
DATE:
Standards:
____ Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession
____ Analyze how population size is determine by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors
(biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity
____ Evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy, fossil
fuels, wildlife, and forests
____ Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate change,
human activity, and the introduction of invasive, non-native species
____ Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect
sustainability
____ Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policy decisions
Essential Questions:
1.
2.
3.
I. Ecological Community Interactions
Community = a group of organisms from different __________________ that live in the same area
e.g.
Interactions Within Communities:
1. Competition = the interaction that occurs among _______________ of the same ______________
when an attempt to use the same ________________ at the same time is made
e.g.
2. Predation = the interaction that occurs among _________________ of the same ______________ when
one organism ________________ and feeds on a different _______________
e.g.
3. Symbiosis = the interaction that occurs among _________________ of the same ______________ when
the live _________________
a. mutualism = symbiosis in which both organisms __________
e.g.
b. commensalism = symbiosis in which one organism _____________ and the other organism is
neither _______________ nor harmed
e.g.
c. parasitism = symbiosis in which one organism _____________ and the other organism is
_____________
 host = the organism being ____________
 parasites do not kill their _________ because it is their source of ___________
e.g.
II. Ecological Succession: When Communities Change
Succession = the natural _____________ in community that take place due to ___________ or human
__________________
 Succession in any community will continue until a ___________ community is reached
 Climax community = the stable __________________ in which there is little _____________
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
When succession occurs, ____________________ would be very strong because the ________________
would be changing and nature would be ___________________ new “winners” and “losers”
Types Of Succession:
1. Primary Succession = succession that occurs on _______________ where no _________ exists
e.g.
 pioneer species = the first _________ to inhabit an area
 lichens are usually the pioneer species and are made up of ____________ and __________
 lichens can grow on bare __________ and help break up __________
2. Secondary Succession = succession that takes place after ____________ disturbances or natural
_____________ that disrupts a ________________
e.g.
 secondary succession will continue until the ____________ community is reached
 The resulting new climax community may differ from the original climax _______________
III. Population Growth: Promoting Environmental Change
A. Populations Increase in Growth:
 The __________ rate is higher than the __________ rate (e.g. ________________________)
 Immigration = the movement of individuals _____________ an area
B. Populations Decrease in Growth:
 The __________ rate is higher than the ___________ rate (e.g. ______________________)
 Emigration = the movement of individuals _________ of an area
C. Types of Population Growth:
LINEAR

EXPONENTIAL
 exponential growth = when individuals in a ________________ reproduce at a constant _______
 logistic growth = the growth that occurs in a ________________ whose growth has slowed down
or _______________
e.g.
Carrying capacity (K) = the largest number of _______________ that an environment can support
D. Limits on Population Growth:
 Limiting Factor = a biotic or abiotic _____________ that causes a population to _____________
Types of Limiting Factors:
1. density-dependent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that depends on ________________ size
 competition for _______________
e.g.
2. density-independent limiting factor = a type of limiting factor that affects all ___________________
the same regardless of _______
 natural disasters e.g.
 human activity e.g.
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IV. Consequences of Human Overpopulation
Natural resource = any part of the environment that can be used by _____________ for their benefit
1. Renewable resource = natural _______________ that can be regenerated or
_______________ by biogeochemical cycles
e.g.
2. Non-renewable resource = a natural resource that ________________ be replaced by natural
______________
e.g.
Pollution = the __________________ of any part of the environment by an excess of
_________ materials
 with greater ____________________ and a larger human population _______________, there
also exists an _____________ in the amount of pollution
MAJOR POLLUTION CAUSED BY HUMANS:
a. Land: ____________________, overflowing landfills & solid ____________ sites,
____________________, _________________ fragmentation
b. Air: ______________, acid rain, ________________ depletion, _______________ warming
c. Water: ____________________________, raw waste & _________________
POLLUTION AFFECTS NATURE’S ANIMAL & PLANT POPULATIONS BY:
a. Loss of ____________________ which results in a decrease of _____________, crops, and other
genetic variation
b. ___________________ and ______________________ species
HOW CAN YOU HELP?
1. Conservation = the wise management of natural ________________ including the
preservations of ______________ and wildlife
 focus on preserving ___________________ not just species
 have biodiversity “______ spots” where land development cannot take place
 Endangered Species Act __________
 promote recycling and conservation of ______________
 promote political movements and groups like Earth _______________
2. Sustainable Development = the use of __________________ at a rate that does not ______________
them
STUDENT SYNTHESIS
To demonstrate knowledge of the information contained within these notes, within the space below EITHER 1. Create two higher
level test questions and answers based on the information OR 2. Write a comprehensive one-sentence summary of the information
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