Download Document

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
EXAM 2 REVIEW
The ones in bold applied to Exam 2 (so you can study for the final)!
Animals and fungi are __________trophic and have __________karyotic cells.
Describe mycorrhizae. How is it important? ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Fungi acquire nutrition through __________, while animals acquire nutrition through
__________.
Fungi are heterotrophs that have diverse lifestyles. The three lifestyles are __________,
__________, and __________. Which type of lifestyle do mychorrizae represent?
Both fungi and arthropods have cell walls made of __________.
Fungi are composed of long, thin filaments known as __________ that are
(haploid/diploid/dikaryotic) that make up the __________ of each plant. This should have a large
surface area in order to __________.
Some fungi have cell walls in their hyphae that are called __________. Not having these means
they are __________, consist of one/many cell(s) and have one/many nucleus/nuclei.
A specialized form of hyphae that can be parasitic or mutualistic is called __________.
When two mycelia (positive and negative) join together to reproduce sexually, their cytoplasm
mixes together, a process called ___________. The process that happens afterward when their
nuclei fuse is called __________.
What does it mean to be dikaryotic? Which types of organisms can be dikaryotic?
Name the three differences between oomycetes (a protist) and fungi.
The dominant stage of fungi is __________ ploidy. When is fungus diploid? _________________
What is the product of sexual reproduction? How does asexual differ? When does meiosis occur?
True or False: Fungi have gametes like animals do.
True or False: “Imperfect fungi” have no known sexual reproductive stages.
Why are spores useful to fungi?
Zygomycota, a phyla of fungi, produces a __________. What is its main purpose?
Ascomycota, a phyla of fungi, produces a sac called a(n) __________ in which it produces
__________.
What are the four important impacts that fungi have on ecosystems and humans?
Draw a diagram of the early embryonic development. Include the following: blastula, cleavage,
gastrula, gastrulation, blastopore. What happens in each step?
What are the three germ layers? Which one is the outside? Inside? Middle?
Cyclopia in goats is an example of what study of biology? What is the purpose of this type of
study?
What are the four parts of animal’s body plan?
What phylum is radially symmetric and diploblastic?
What is the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry? Diploblastic and
triploblastic? Deuterostome and protostome?
What are the three possible coeloms? Describe them. What characteristic does an animal have to
have a body cavity? What is the importance of a body cavity?
True or False: There has been one giant cycle of diversification and extinction throughout time.
Porifera: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of choanocytes
are. True or False: Porifera organisms have perforated bodies.
Cnidaria: Name its symmetry, whether or not is has true tissues, what the purpose of cnidocytes
are, tissue organization. True or False: Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity. What is a
gastrovascular cavity?
__________ is the sessile form of Cnidarians, while __________ is the mobile form.
Corals do what two important functions? What phylum do corals belong to?
Lophotrochozoans: Name its symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, 3 phyla
within this group. True or False: Lophotrochozoans begin to show cephalization.
Platyhelminthes have what type of coelom? Many species that we studied are parasitic/free-living.
Plathelminthes have a pharynx. What is it for?
The final host is important to a parasite because __________________________.
Parasites have important characteristics: They do/do not tend to kill their host, they have an
increased/decreased reproductive effort and they do/do not change the behavior of their host.
37. Describe reproductive effort. How is it important to parasites?
38. The classes Tubellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda all belong to what phylum? Are they parasitic, or
free-living? What is the final host of Cestoda (tapeworms)?
39. Mollusca differ from platyhelminthes, in that they are coelomates/acoelomates/pseudocoelomates
and have a(n) incomplete/complete digestive system.
40. Describe an open vs. closed circulatory system.
41. Mollusca have five parts to their body plan. What are they and what are they for?
42. What are the three classes in Mollusca (that we studied)? Give an organism as an example of
each. Which class is the largest and lives in all types of environments? What special organ does
the largest class have used for feeding?
43. What do cephalopods have as adaptations for their active, predatory lifestyle?
44. Annelids: which type of circulatory system, what type of skeleton, what type of coelom. All
annelids have distinct body segmentation. Why is it important?
45. What is the ecological importance of annelids?
46. Ecdysozoans: Name its symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, 2 phyla within
this group. What process is this group named for?
47. Nematodes have an exoskeleton, called a __________, which is made of ___________.
48. What type of coelom do nematodes have? How do they move?
49. There are two ecological roles of nematodes: __________ and __________, which can affect both
humans and plants!
50. How do we break the cycle of parasites? (Hint: think of the example having to do with
contaminated water…)
51. Arthropods are EXTREMELY successful. What are the four characteristics related to their
success?
52. Over time, segments in the bodies of arthropods have reduced/increased, leading to a more/less
efficient body plan.
53. The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of __________, just like fungi. How is the exoskeleton
important?
54. How are jointed appendages considered advantageous for arthropods?
55. Arthropods have a(n) __________ circulatory system and a variety of organs for __________.
56. For the four clades of arthropods, name: the number of body regions, number of pairs of legs,
presence of antennae, an example of an organism.
57. True or False: Crustaceans are the most successful group of arthropods.
58. What are the three major adaptations of insects that led to their success?
59. Why is metamorphosis important to insects?
60. What are the three ecological effects of insects?
61. Deuterostomia: Name its symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, 2 phyla within
this group.
62. True or False: Starfish are bilaterally symmetric.
63. What are the three subphyla of the chordates? Which one is without a head region?
64. All chordates have what four characteristics? Describe each.
65. True or False: Larval tunicates don’t look like chordates, but the adults do.
66. True or False: Vertebrates are the second largest group or organisms, behind arthropods.
67. What distinguishes vertebrates from the rest of the chordates?
68. There were many evolutionary events in the vertebrates. __________ are the oldest vertebrate
group and thus have/don’t have jaws, which was the first evolutionary event. All vertebrates that
have jaws are called __________.
69. Another evolutionary event was of four footed vertebrates, or __________. How was this
advantageous?
70. Amphibians have eggs with/without a shell and do/do not require water for reproduction.
71. Amniotes refers to a type of __________. The three things that this contains are what? How was
this evolution advantageous?
72. True or False: Birds belong in the clade Mammalia.
73. Birds are highly adapted for flight in three ways. What are they? How is flight beneficial?
74. What are the 4 mammalian characteristics that separate them from the rest of the Deuterostomes?
75. There are two major mammalian groups: __________ and __________. How are they different?
76. True or False: Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor, meaning humans evolved from
chimps.
77. True or False: Humans and chimpanzees are genetically similar.