Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Period 4: Global Interactions c.1450- c.1750 Ch 10, p 119 Source: Crash Course World History by: JP Harmon Introduction • FINALLY…a truly global time • Americas & Oceania join Afro-Eurasia in trade • The encounters between these worlds drastically changed societies, economies, politics, demographics and environments European Exploration Expands Ch 10 (CCWH; pg. 119) Factors that led to European Exploration • Advances in European ship design • Technology gained from trade also a benefit • Caravel • Compass • Accurate maps • Astrolabe • Rudders & sails Europeans desire to spread Christianity • Competing with popularity of Islam • Reconquista • Targeted South and East Asia • Every expedition carried missionaries • Changes in Christianity sparks evangelicalism • Incentives given to France, Spain, Portugal • Protestant Reformation split church but also added more competition • Had to beat the Protestants Trade as a motivator • Europeans weren’t dumb…they could see the profit to be had with the luxuries coming out of Asia • Trade is going to trigger the Renaissance as well as the growth of cities • Once they understood the value of the Americas… Why Western and not Eastern Europe? • Russia had no warm water ports; so expanded its land empire and didn’t reach Pacific Ocean until 17th C • European countries with Atlantic Ocean coast had advantages over land-locked countries in the east Why Not China? • China did send fleets to Indian Ocean to trade and explore • Treasure ships – 400 feet long • Commanded by Zheng He • Brought back animals, plants, goods & people from Africa & India • Ming emperor cancelled the expeditions because of great expense • Nothing out there that we don’t need – the Middle Kingdom • Had the ability but chose not to Portugal Leads the Way to New Lands Spain follows Why Portugal and Spain first? • Portugal – South, Spain – West • Geography • Long Atlantic coastlines • Proximity to Africa • Reconquista • Spain’s “re-conquering” of Iberian Peninsula • drove the Muslims from Spain • Gave Spanish leaders a strong patriotism were eager to expand their influence Why Portugal and Spain first? • Italian trade domination in Mediterranean • Portugal & Spain wanted to by-pass them • Therefore went South & West Portugal Goes South • Prince Henry the Navigator (not a navigator but a real prince) • Established a navigation school on Atlantic coast • Trained sailors and sponsored many expeditions along west coast of Africa • They “discovered” Madeira & Azores Islands Portugal goes South • 1488 – • Bartolomeo Dias • rounded tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) • 1498 – • Vasco da Gama • made it to India • Portugal established link to the east Spain goes West • Had no choice…the only unclaimed direction • Believed Afro-Eurasia was the only land mass • Made sense to them that to sail west was to find India, the Indies or China (Cathay) • Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella that he would find for them Glory and Gold and claim new “lands” for God • GOD, GOLD & GLORY Spain goes West • Spanish & Columbus thought he made it • Area later called West Indies • The mistake actually paid off • Spain eventually accumulated great wealth because of agriculture and mining • Sugar • Gold & silver The transfer of animals, plants, diseases and people due to the contact between the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas Columbian Exchange Its Effect on the World Animals and Plants of the Exchange • From African and Europe and Asia to the Americas • East to West – Old to New • Horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, rice • Tremendous effect to environment of the Americas • Horses changed the culture of almost EVERY Native American group • Sugarcane allowed Europeans to create huge plantations and caused the Atlantic Animals and Plants of the Exchange • From the Americas to Europe, Africa and Asia • West to East – New to Old • Potato, tomato, tobacco, maize (corn), cocoa, peppers • Potato became popular in Europe – easy to store and grow • Maize became a staple in Africa and China • Foods created population growth wherever planted Diseases from the Exchange • Caused the greatest human destruction since the 14th century Black Death • Small pox, eradicated whole villages • Arawak People of the Caribbean 100% • Estimated 90% of the Native American Population • This cause vast, uninhabited areas for Europeans to conquer and settle Human Migration caused by Exchange • Most migrated voluntarily but Africans forcibly • Some European forcibly as indentured servants • Penal colonies • Spanish males • Very few females • Miscegenation • Vast Sugar Plantations • Encomienda • Decimation of native population led to Human Migration caused by Exchange • Portugal first to tap into already existing slave trade in Africa • Shipped them to plantations in Brazil • Spain follows by buying from “factories” on the “Slave Coast” on the West African Coast • “Middle Passage” • To the Caribbean Religions of the Exchange • Christian Missionaries accompanied every expedition to the New World • Catholic clergy zealously spread the holy word by holding mass baptisms but didn’t include the usual instruction • A unique Catholic culture arose as a result Mining and the Exchange • Aztec/Mexican gold went straight into Spain’s treasury • Incan/Peruvian silver became the metal of global exchange • American silver traded in Asia for spices, silk and anything else desired by Europeans • (Remember “You have nothing we (China) need?” they really meant “you have nothing that we need— except silver.”) • Japan enters into this exchange because they have silver too • THIS IS THE FIRST TRULY GLOBAL EXCHANGE Latin American society a direct result of cultural blending: food, faith, family structure and racial identities Latin America and the Atlantic World Economics and the Atlantic World • Includes interaction between 4 continents • Africa, Europe, North and South America • Latin America is a cultural territory included in the Atlantic World that indicated areas that were once controlled by Portuguese or Spanish • England, France, the Netherlands also had colonies in the Americas (primarily North America but also Caribbean Islands) • All competed with each other for a part of the global market Thirteen English Colonies • North American colonies were considered “backwater” and an “after-thought” • Not a big deal because there was little profit…aka no GOLD, SILVER or SUGAR • Biggest commodity to come out of North America was fish, cod to be exact Triangle Trade • Sugar, Rum, Cod from Americas to Europe for silver • Silver to Africa for slaves • Slaves to Americas to work the plantations • THIS IS AN OVER-SIMPLICATION Mercantilism • Use of raw materials from the colonies to make products to sell globally • The country must have a positive balance of trade • Gov’t tax imports (tariffs) and invested with private trading companies • British East India Company • British EIC made and enforced their own laws ect with rulers Period 4 is not “all Atlantic, all the time” Continuities in the Global Networks of Exchange Continuities in Religion • Islam continues its spread across SubSaharan Africa and into East and Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Philippines) • Buddhism moves across SE Asia and into parts of Central Asia • Hinduism is core in India Continuities in Trade • Indian Ocean trade continued to thrive • European merchants could only joined if they cooperated with the local rulers of the port cities because they couldn’t dominate this long-established organization • Atlantic trade volume eventually surpassed the Indian Ocean trade Continuities in Agriculture • Most people in the world were STILL farmers – most growing just enough for their families to live on with a little left over to sell • Others grew a single crop to be exported for food (initial commercial farming) • Changes occurred because of the flood of new foods from the Americas Continuities in Migrations • Just before 1492 most mass migrations had ended • Hawaii inhabited by 900 • Tahiti by c 1300 • Bantu Migration near end – built Great Zimbabwe