Download Global Networks

Period 4:
Global
Interactions
c.1450- c.1750
Ch 10, p 119
Source: Crash Course World History by: JP Harmon
Introduction
• FINALLY…a truly global time
• Americas & Oceania join Afro-Eurasia
in trade
• The encounters between these worlds
drastically changed societies,
economies, politics, demographics
and environments
European Exploration Expands
Ch 10 (CCWH; pg. 119)
Factors that led to European
Exploration
• Advances in European ship design
• Technology gained from trade also a
benefit
• Caravel
• Compass
• Accurate maps
• Astrolabe
• Rudders & sails
Europeans desire to spread
Christianity
• Competing with popularity of Islam
• Reconquista
• Targeted South and East Asia
• Every expedition carried missionaries
• Changes in Christianity sparks
evangelicalism
• Incentives given to France, Spain, Portugal
• Protestant Reformation split church but also
added more competition
• Had to beat the Protestants
Trade as a motivator
• Europeans weren’t dumb…they could see
the profit to be had with the luxuries
coming out of Asia
• Trade is going to trigger the Renaissance
as well as the growth of cities
• Once they understood the value of the
Americas…
Why Western and not Eastern
Europe?
• Russia had no warm water ports; so expanded
its land empire and didn’t reach Pacific Ocean
until 17th C
• European countries with Atlantic Ocean coast
had advantages over land-locked countries in the
east
Why Not China?
• China did send fleets to Indian Ocean to trade
and explore
• Treasure ships – 400 feet long
• Commanded by Zheng He
• Brought back animals, plants, goods & people
from Africa & India
• Ming emperor cancelled the expeditions because
of great expense
• Nothing out there that we don’t need – the
Middle Kingdom
• Had the ability but chose not to
Portugal Leads the Way to New
Lands
Spain follows
Why Portugal and Spain first?
• Portugal – South, Spain – West
• Geography
• Long Atlantic coastlines
• Proximity to Africa
• Reconquista
• Spain’s “re-conquering” of Iberian Peninsula
• drove the Muslims from Spain
• Gave Spanish leaders a strong patriotism were eager
to expand their influence
Why Portugal and Spain first?
• Italian trade domination in Mediterranean
• Portugal & Spain wanted to by-pass them
• Therefore went South & West
Portugal Goes South
• Prince Henry the
Navigator (not a
navigator but a real
prince)
• Established a
navigation school on
Atlantic coast
• Trained sailors and
sponsored many
expeditions along west
coast of Africa
• They “discovered”
Madeira & Azores
Islands
Portugal goes South
• 1488 –
• Bartolomeo Dias
• rounded tip of Africa
(Cape of Good Hope)
• 1498 –
• Vasco da Gama
• made it to India
• Portugal established link
to the east
Spain goes West
• Had no choice…the only unclaimed
direction
• Believed Afro-Eurasia was the only land
mass
• Made sense to them that to sail west was
to find India, the Indies or China (Cathay)
• Columbus convinced Ferdinand and
Isabella that he would find for them Glory
and Gold and claim new “lands” for God
• GOD, GOLD & GLORY
Spain goes West
• Spanish & Columbus thought he made
it
• Area later called West Indies
• The mistake actually paid off
• Spain eventually accumulated great
wealth because of agriculture and
mining
• Sugar
• Gold & silver
The transfer of animals, plants,
diseases and people due to the
contact between the peoples of
Europe, Africa and the Americas
Columbian Exchange
Its Effect on the World
Animals and Plants of the Exchange
• From African and Europe and Asia to the
Americas
• East to West – Old to New
• Horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane,
bananas, wheat, rice
• Tremendous effect to environment of the
Americas
• Horses changed the culture of almost
EVERY Native American group
• Sugarcane allowed Europeans to create
huge plantations and caused the Atlantic
Animals and Plants of the Exchange
• From the Americas to Europe, Africa and
Asia
• West to East – New to Old
• Potato, tomato, tobacco, maize (corn), cocoa,
peppers
• Potato became popular in Europe – easy to
store and grow
• Maize became a staple in Africa and China
• Foods created population growth wherever
planted
Diseases from the Exchange
• Caused the greatest human
destruction since the 14th century
Black Death
• Small pox, eradicated whole villages
• Arawak People of the Caribbean 100%
• Estimated 90% of the Native American
Population
• This cause vast, uninhabited areas for
Europeans to conquer and settle
Human Migration caused by
Exchange
• Most migrated voluntarily but Africans
forcibly
• Some European forcibly as indentured
servants
• Penal colonies
• Spanish males
• Very few females
• Miscegenation
• Vast Sugar Plantations
• Encomienda
• Decimation of native population led to
Human Migration caused by
Exchange
• Portugal first to tap into already existing
slave trade in Africa
• Shipped them to plantations in Brazil
• Spain follows by buying from “factories” on
the “Slave Coast” on the West African
Coast
• “Middle Passage”
• To the Caribbean
Religions of the Exchange
• Christian Missionaries accompanied every
expedition to the New World
• Catholic clergy zealously spread the holy word
by holding mass baptisms but didn’t include the
usual instruction
• A unique Catholic culture arose as a result
Mining and the Exchange
• Aztec/Mexican gold went straight into Spain’s
treasury
• Incan/Peruvian silver became the metal of global
exchange
• American silver traded in Asia for spices, silk and
anything else desired by Europeans
• (Remember “You have nothing we (China) need?”
they really meant “you have nothing that we need—
except silver.”)
• Japan enters into this exchange because they have
silver too
• THIS IS THE FIRST TRULY GLOBAL EXCHANGE
Latin American society a
direct result of cultural
blending: food, faith, family
structure and racial identities
Latin America and the Atlantic World
Economics and the Atlantic World
• Includes interaction between 4 continents
• Africa, Europe, North and South America
• Latin America is a cultural territory included in
the Atlantic World that indicated areas that were
once controlled by Portuguese or Spanish
• England, France, the Netherlands also had
colonies in the Americas (primarily North
America but also Caribbean Islands)
• All competed with each other for a part of the
global market
Thirteen English Colonies
• North American colonies were considered
“backwater” and an “after-thought”
• Not a big deal because there was little
profit…aka no GOLD, SILVER or SUGAR
• Biggest commodity to come out of North
America was fish, cod to be exact
Triangle Trade
• Sugar, Rum, Cod from Americas to Europe
for silver
• Silver to Africa for slaves
• Slaves to Americas to work the plantations
• THIS IS AN OVER-SIMPLICATION
Mercantilism
• Use of raw materials from the colonies to make
products to sell globally
• The country must have a positive balance of
trade
• Gov’t tax imports (tariffs) and invested with
private trading companies
• British East India Company
• British EIC made and enforced their own laws
ect with rulers
Period 4 is not “all Atlantic, all
the time”
Continuities in the Global Networks of
Exchange
Continuities in Religion
• Islam continues its spread across SubSaharan Africa and into East and
Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Philippines)
• Buddhism moves across SE Asia and into
parts of Central Asia
• Hinduism is core in India
Continuities in Trade
• Indian Ocean trade continued to thrive
• European merchants could only joined if
they cooperated with the local rulers of the
port cities because they couldn’t dominate
this long-established organization
• Atlantic trade volume eventually surpassed
the Indian Ocean trade
Continuities in Agriculture
• Most people in the world were STILL
farmers – most growing just enough for
their families to live on with a little left over
to sell
• Others grew a single crop to be exported
for food (initial commercial farming)
• Changes occurred because of the flood of
new foods from the Americas
Continuities in Migrations
• Just before 1492 most mass migrations
had ended
• Hawaii inhabited by 900
• Tahiti by c 1300
• Bantu Migration near end – built Great
Zimbabwe