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Steps in the Development of Democracy Classical Greece (2000 B.C. – 300 B.C.) Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 500) Middle Ages (500 – 1200) Renaissance and Reformation (1300 – 1600) Greek culture developed, rose to new heights, and spread to other lands. The Greek city-states established the first democratic governments. Greek scientists made advances in mathematics, medicine, and other fields. The Greeks produced great works of drama, poetry, sculpture, architecture, and philosophy that still influence people today. At its heights, the Roman Empire united much of Europe, the north coast of Africa, and a large part of the Middle East. The Romans admired Greek art, literature, architecture, and science, and so they adopted and preserved much of Greek culture, The Romans also created their own legacy with outstanding achievements in engineering, architecture, the arts, and law. The Romans spread Christianity throughout Europe, and their official language—Latin— gave rise to French, Italian, Spanish, and other romance languages. Western civilization has its roots in Greco-Roman culture. The West Roman Empire fell to Germanic conquerors who formed kingdoms out of former Roman provinces. A new political and military system called feudalism became established. Nobles were granted the use of lands that belonged to their kings in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the peasants who worked the land. Western Europe became divided into feudal states. The Middle Ages was the time of castles and knights The Renaissance was a period of rebirth of learning and the arts based on a revival of classical study. The study of Greek classics gave rise to an intellectual movement called humanism, which emphasized human potential and achievements rather than religious concerns. The works of the Italian artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo and the English dramatist William Shakespeare represent the cultural height of the Renaissance. The Reformation was a movement for religious reform that led to the founding of the Protestant churches. These churches rejected the authority of the pope, and the power of the Roman Catholic Church declined. The Development of Democracy: Case Study: England 1. From Roman Empire to Feudalism A. CeltsB. Roman Invasion, 43AD, Influence II. Developments in England: Strong Monarchs and World Power A. Early History 1. From 1st Century to the 11th Century A.D. England invaded and inhabited by several groups. a. 7 Kingdoms struggle for dominance 2. Assimilation B. Norman Invasion—1066 1. King Edward “the Confessor” 2. Harold Godwinson vs. William, Duke of Normandy 3. Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) 4. William Strengthens Royal Power 5. Early Norman Kings III. Foundations for Democratic Growth A. Henry II B. Richard II and “King” John C. Magna Carta (1215) D. Model Parliament (1295) 1. Edward I (1272-1307) expands Great Council’s membership to include commoners E. Common Law F. Parliamentary Lawmaking in 1300s IV. Rise of Absolute Monarchs in Europe A. From Weak Medieval King to Absolute Monarch B. Factors Strengthening Royal Power C. “Divine Right of Kings” D. Beginning of the Nation-States V. Hundred Years War (1337-1453) A. Causes D. Military Highlights 1. English won battles at a. Henry V (1413-1422) 2. Longbow causes a revolution in warfare and society 3. Hundred Years War is like a basketball game a. Treaty of Troyes 4. Joan of Arc C. Effect of War on England VI. War of the Roses (1455-1485) A. Cause B. Results a. Edward IV b. Edward V c. Richard III VII. Tudor Rule (1485-1603) A. Henry VII (1485-1509) B. Luther attacks the Church 1. 95 theses 2. Calls for reform of Church 3. Excommunicated, but Protestantism spreads throughout Europe 4. Reformation in Europe C. Henry VIII (1509-1547) 1. 18 years old when he becomes king 2. Devout Catholic Quote: “What serpent so venomous as who calls the pope’s authority tyrannous?...the whole Church is subject not only to Christ but…to Christ’s only vicar (representative, the pope of Rome.” –Henry VIII 3. Married Catherine of Aragon 4. Henry’s solution 5. Henry’s many wives D. Edward VI (1547-1553) E. Mary I (1553-1558) F. Elizabeth I (1558-1603) VIII. Unpopular Stuarts: Conflicts with Parliament (1603-1642) A. James I (1603-1625) Here is what one historian had to say about James I: He had a certain genius for getting into difficulties, but was not without a certain shrewdness in stopping just short of catastrophe. If he steered the ship straight for the rocks, he left his son to wreck it.” B. Charles I (1625-1642) C. Long-term Causes of Civil War D. Short-term Causes of Civil War E. Parliament wins the Civil War (1642-1645) 1. Roundheads vs. Cavaliers Quote from Roundhead: “The question in dispute between the King’s party and us was whether the king should govern as a god by his will, and the nation be governed by force like beasts; or whether the people should be governed by laws bade by themselves and live under a government derived from their own consent.” 3. Roundheads have money, but need a good military leader 4. Oliver Cromwell IX. Cromwell Rules as Military Dictator (1653-1658) A. Lord Protector B. Puritans reform English society C. Irish X. Charles II Restored to the Monarchy A. Restoration (1660-1685) B. James II (1658-1688) 1. James upsets supporters and opponents C. Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolutions (1688) 1. William and Mary 2. Troops desert James II XI. Rule of William and Mary A. Changes 1. Recognize Parliament as a leading partner in ruling England 2. Bill of Rights