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Honors Anatomy Review for Test over Respiratory and Urinary This review is being completed in class and we will be using the older in-class Anatomy books. 1. Differentiate between the respiratory and conducting zones. Identify the structures which make up each. RESPIRATORY-site of actual gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli CONDUCTING-all other respiratory passageways which serve as rigid conduits to allow air to reach gas exchange sites 2. Differentiate between location and function of the 3 parts of the pharynx. NASOPHARYNX-above soft palate; back of nose-uvula attached and close during swallowing. OROPHARYNX-behind oral cavity; services both respiratory and digestive system LARYNGOPHARYNX-just above the larynx; common passageway for food and air 3. What are the three functions of the larynx? Provide airway; switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels; voice production 4. Describe how the epiglottis functions during swallowing and when air is flowing into the lungs. Covers the larynx causing food to be routed to the esophagus; it opens when air is flowing into the lungs 5. Describe the differences between the left and right lungs. Left- 2 lobes; right- 3 lobes 6. Differentiate between inspiration and expiration. Inspiration- air flowing into lungs; expiration- gases are leaving lungs 7. Define intrapulmonary pressure. Pressure within alveoli of lungs, rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but always equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure 8. Define atmospheric pressure. Pressure exerted by gases of the atmosphere. 9. Define intrapleural pressure. Pressure within the intrapleural space and fluctuates with breathing phases but it is always less that the pressure in the alveoli 10. What happens when intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures equalize? Immediate lung collapse 11. Volume changes lead to ______changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize the pressure. pressure 12. Describe what happens during inspiration. Include how the diaphragm changes, volume changes, pressure changes and air-flow direction. Dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens out; volume increases within thoracic cavity; intrapulmonary pressure drops relative to atmospheric pressure and air rushes into lungs. 13. Describe what happens during expiration. Include how the diaphragm changes, volume changes, pressure changes and air-flow direction. Dome-shaped diaphragm relaxes; volume decreases within thoracic cavity; intrapulmonary pressure rises relative to atmospheric pressure and air rushes out of the lungs. 14. Describe tidal volume. Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions……500 ml 15. Describe inspiratory reserve volume. Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation….3100 ml 16. Describe expiratory reserve volume. Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation….1200 ml 17. Describe residual volume. Amount of air remaining in thelungs after a forced exhalation…1200 ml 18. Describe inspiratory capacity. Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration…3600 ml 19. Describe vital capacity. Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort…4800 ml 20. Describe total lung capacity. Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort…6000ml 21. Distinguish between the mechanisms that result in cough, sneeze, hiccups and yawn. Cough..take deep breath, glottis closes and air is forced from lungs against glottis, opening glottis suddenly and a blast of air rushed upward Sneeze..similar to a cough except that expelled air is directed through nasal cavities instead of oral cavity, uvula closes oral cavity off from pharynx and routes air upward through nasal cavities Hiccups..sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm, sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis. Yawn…very deep inspiration taken with jaws wide open 22. Differentiate between the internal and external urethral sphincters. Internal..involuntary sphincter that keeps urethra closed External…made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary 23. Differentiate between micturition and incontinence. Micturition..voiding or emptying the bladder of urine Incontinence…inability to control micturition voluntarily 24. How much blood passing through the kidneys(glomeruli) per minute? 1000-1200 ml/minute 25. What process helps filter solutes and fluids into the glomeruli? Hydrostatic pressure, passive driven by pressure gradients which does not require the use of metabolic energy 26. Differentiate between filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Filtration…non-selective process where solutes and fluids are forced from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule Reabsorption…process of reclamation of filtrate back to the bloodstream, occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephron and involves both active and passive transport; sodium, all nutrients (glucose, amino acids) water Secretion…reabsorption in reverse. Substances such as hydrogen, potassium ions, creatinine, ammonia and certain organic acids moved from the blood in the capillaries surrounding the tubules to the filtrate. 27. Study exercise 23 and 26. No diagrams on test