Download Honors Anatomy Review for Test over Respiratory

Honors Anatomy Review for Test over Respiratory and Urinary
This review is being completed in class and we will be using the older in-class
Anatomy books.
1. Differentiate between the respiratory and conducting zones. Identify the
structures which make up each.
RESPIRATORY-site of actual gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, and alveoli
CONDUCTING-all other respiratory passageways which serve as
rigid conduits to allow air to reach gas exchange sites
2. Differentiate between location and function of the 3 parts of the pharynx.
NASOPHARYNX-above soft palate; back of nose-uvula attached and
close during swallowing.
OROPHARYNX-behind oral cavity; services both respiratory and
digestive system
LARYNGOPHARYNX-just above the larynx; common passageway for
food and air
3. What are the three functions of the larynx?
Provide airway; switching mechanism to route air and food into
proper channels; voice production
4. Describe how the epiglottis functions during swallowing and when air is
flowing into the lungs.
Covers the larynx causing food to be routed to the esophagus; it
opens when air is flowing into the lungs
5. Describe the differences between the left and right lungs.
Left- 2 lobes; right- 3 lobes
6. Differentiate between inspiration and expiration.
Inspiration- air flowing into lungs; expiration- gases are leaving
lungs
7. Define intrapulmonary pressure.
Pressure within alveoli of lungs, rises and falls with the phases of
breathing, but always equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure
8. Define atmospheric pressure.
Pressure exerted by gases of the atmosphere.
9. Define intrapleural pressure.
Pressure within the intrapleural space and fluctuates with breathing
phases but it is always less that the pressure in the alveoli
10. What happens when intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures equalize?
Immediate lung collapse
11. Volume changes lead to ______changes, which lead to the flow of gases
to equalize the pressure. pressure
12. Describe what happens during inspiration. Include how the diaphragm
changes, volume changes, pressure changes and air-flow direction.
Dome-shaped diaphragm contracts and flattens out; volume
increases within thoracic cavity; intrapulmonary pressure drops
relative to atmospheric pressure and air rushes into lungs.
13. Describe what happens during expiration. Include how the diaphragm
changes, volume changes, pressure changes and air-flow direction.
Dome-shaped diaphragm relaxes; volume decreases within thoracic
cavity; intrapulmonary pressure rises relative to atmospheric
pressure and air rushes out of the lungs.
14. Describe tidal volume.
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting
conditions……500 ml
15. Describe inspiratory reserve volume.
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal
volume inhalation….3100 ml
16. Describe expiratory reserve volume.
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal
volume exhalation….1200 ml
17. Describe residual volume.
Amount of air remaining in thelungs after a forced exhalation…1200
ml
18. Describe inspiratory capacity.
Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal
expiration…3600 ml
19. Describe vital capacity.
Maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum
inspiratory effort…4800 ml
20. Describe total lung capacity.
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum
inspiratory effort…6000ml
21. Distinguish between the mechanisms that result in cough, sneeze, hiccups
and yawn.
Cough..take deep breath, glottis closes and air is forced from lungs
against glottis, opening glottis suddenly and a blast of air rushed
upward
Sneeze..similar to a cough except that expelled air is directed
through nasal cavities instead of oral cavity, uvula closes oral cavity
off from pharynx and routes air upward through nasal cavities
Hiccups..sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of diaphragm,
sound occurs when inspired air hits vocal folds of closed glottis.
Yawn…very deep inspiration taken with jaws wide open
22. Differentiate between the internal and external urethral sphincters.
Internal..involuntary sphincter that keeps urethra closed
External…made of skeletal muscle and is voluntary
23. Differentiate between micturition and incontinence.
Micturition..voiding or emptying the bladder of urine
Incontinence…inability to control micturition voluntarily
24. How much blood passing through the kidneys(glomeruli) per minute?
1000-1200 ml/minute
25. What process helps filter solutes and fluids into the glomeruli?
Hydrostatic pressure, passive driven by pressure gradients which
does not require the use of metabolic energy
26. Differentiate between filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
Filtration…non-selective process where solutes and fluids are forced
from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule
Reabsorption…process of reclamation of filtrate back to the
bloodstream, occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules of the
nephron and involves both active and passive transport; sodium, all
nutrients (glucose, amino acids) water
Secretion…reabsorption in reverse. Substances such as hydrogen,
potassium ions, creatinine, ammonia and certain organic acids
moved from the blood in the capillaries surrounding the tubules to
the filtrate.
27. Study exercise 23 and 26. No diagrams on test