Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Sexual reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
Station #1: Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic Cells If the website is not already opened, go to: www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm Start by exploring each of the prokaryotic, animal, and plant cells to rekindle your knowledge of the organelles that exist in each type of cell. Answer all questions on the site, as well as the ones below. Feel free to play around with the online “construct a cell” to familiarize yourself with the constructions of each of the cells. Once you have answered all questions, use any of the material provided to construct correctly ONE prokaryotic cell and ONE eukaryotic cell with your partner. Use your creativity, but make sure all organelles for each type of cell are present!! 1. Which of the organelles is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and what is it used for? Cell membrane Used for regulation of entry and exit of nutrients and waste where some important enzyme activity is found 2. Which organelle is found only in plant cells and what is it used for? Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy Station #2: Kingdom Protista 1. Why does the protist kingdom provide a challenge to taxonomists? The protist kingdom provides a challenge to taxonomists because they are so varied – some are animal like, some plant like, some fungus like. They do not appear to fall into a ‘set’ and ‘distinctive’ category. 2. Where does our text place the algae? Where do other taxonomists place the algae and why? Kingdom Protista; These taxonomists believe that algae are multicellular eukaryotes that perform photosynthesis –which are also how plants are defined. 3. How does our text separate protists into groups? Protists are separated into groups based on nutritional patterns. Animal-like, Fungus-like, Plant-like. 4. Fill in the following table. Animal-Like Protists – General Characteristics Protist Characteristics and Examples One or more flagella to help organism move through water Zooflagellates Amoeba Ciliates Sporozoans Heterotrophic – eat other protists, parasites, pathogens Others are internal parasites on animals Single celled – no body shape Pseudopods to help them move and feed Endocytosis – eat by engulfing organisms with pseudopods Some are parasitic in tropical regions Covered in cilia (hairlike projections) Rigid covering called pellicle to help ciliates keep their shape Aquatic and heterotropic Feed from oral groove Produce spores Non-motile, parasitic Plasmodium is an example – causes malaria in humans 5. Outline the cause, transmission, and symptoms of each of the following: a. Sleeping Sickness i. caused by zooflagellate Trypoansomo gambiensis. Carrier is tsete fly. Humans get disease if bitten by an infected host fly. Symptoms: fever, chills, skin rash; if this attacks the nervous system, it can be fatal. b. Amoebic Dysentery i. caused by Entamoeba found in tropical regions. Person gets sick if they drink infected water. Ameoba inters the digestive system and feed on the intestinal walls – passed out in feces and this is how they can get into the water supply. c. Malaria i. a sporozoan protest that obtain nutrients from the bodies of their hosts called Plasmodium. When a female mosquito infected with \plasmodium bites a human, Plasmodium is transmitted into the human circulatory system. They infect blood cells and when these infected RBCs burst, large amounts of toxins fill the bloodstream and these toxins cause the malaria symptoms. 6. Fill in the following table. Fungus-Like Protists – General Characteristics Protist Characteristics and Examples Single cells, many nuclei in each Acellular Slime Moulds Cellular Slime Moulds Water Moulds Most of life cycle as a wall-less mass (plasmodium) and moves by pseudopods When food runs out, slime forms reproductive structures called fruiting bodies which produce spores Live in fresh water, damp soil or decaying matter Move as amoeba-like cells When food is scarce, they come together for form a large multicellular mass Live in water, some on land Example: whitish cottony mould growing on dead fish Feed on remains of dead plants and animals Some are parasitic and attack crops 7. Name the protist that was responsible for the emigration of millions of Irish people during the mid 1800s. Phytophthora infestans 8. Fill in the following table. Plant-Like Protists – General Characteristics Protist Characteristics and Examples Unicellular flagellates Euglenoids Diatoms Dinoflagellates Green Algae Can use photosynthesis Organism Euglena feeds via photosynthesis and in the dark it feeds as a heterotroph on dead organic material Have a golden colouration due to pigments Each species has a unique shape Abundant in oceans and a key food source for other organisms Single celled algae that have 2 flagella Most photosynthetic, some are heterotrophic Each species has a unique shape Tend to be luminescent; when surrounding water is agitated, they give off light Each cell has 2 flagella that move the cell around Live in fresh water ancient green algae thought to have given rise to first plants due to cellulose in their cell walls 9. Draw your versions of the zooflagellate, paramecium, and amoeba below. Get some colour in there! Zooflagellate Paramecium Amoeba Station # 3: Kingdom Fungi 1. What does ‘saprobe’ mean? Organisms that absorb their food from decaying (dead) matter – they are decomposers 2. Name the characteristic used to classify fungi into various phyla. How does this characteristic differ between the phyla?. The 100 000 species of fungi are grouped into divisions based on their pattern of sexual reproduction : Fungi with spores in a caselike structure = sporangium Fungi with spores in a saclike structure = ascus Fungi with spores that form club like structure = basidium 3. Draw a diagram of a typical mushroom. Label all relevant structures. Caselike Fungi Examples of these Fungi General Characteristics Bread mould Spores in a caselike structure Most are terrestrial saprobes Type/Description Using bread mould as an of Reproduction example: Saclike Fungi Asexual under favourable conditions Caselike structures called sporangia grow at tips of bread mould and each can produce several thousands of spores Sporangium break open and air currents carry spores to germinate elsewhere Mildews, moulds, some yeasts Spores in a saclike structure Sac fungi make 2 types of spores – spores made from sexual reproduction are called ascospores and spores made asexually are called conidia Some yeasts cause infections of skin, lungs, kidneys; many are parasitic and cause disease in trees YEAST as an example: Ideal conditions = budding Conditions lacking oxygen = fermentation, a type of anaerobic respiration Clublike Fungi Mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs Spores in a clublike structure Using Mushrooms as an example: Hypae form an underground network called a mycelium and a reproductive structure above ground called a fruiting body Different mushrooms are classified based on their umbrellalike caps Using Mushrooms as an example: Cap of each mushroom contains gills that come out like spokes on a wheel Each gill has thousands of clublike reproductive cells called basidia Each basidia has thousands of spores that are blown by the wind, and hopefully will germinate in the ground where they land. Nutritional Habits Using Bread mould as an example: Use water and sugars from bread to feed off of In general, are saprobes – feast off of dead or decaying matter. Release digestive enzymes into their environment on dead organic matter to break it down Fungi then absorb the digested food through their cell wall In general, are saprobes – feast off of dead or decaying matter. Release digestive enzymes into their environment on dead organic matter to break it down Fungi then absorb the digested food through their cell wall In general, are saprobes – feast off of dead or decaying matter. Release digestive enzymes into their environment on dead organic matter to break it down Fungi then absorb the digested food through their cell wall 4. Can all fungi be classified into those 3 divisions? Why or why not? Some species have no known sexual phases and cannot be classified into these 3 divisions; these are imperfect fungi. 5. Describe the discovery of Penicillium. What is it? Who was is discovered by? What is it used for? 1928 Sir Alexander Fleming observed Penicillium growing with some bacteria – Penicillium mould prevented the growth of the bacterium Fleming eventually isolated a chemical substance produced by the fungus - Penicillin Was the first antibiotic to come into medical use to fight infectious diseases caused by bacteria 6. How does Penicillium work as an antibiotic? Penicillium prevents the formation of cell walls in reproducing bacteria. No cell wall, and bacteria most likely will not survive the reproduction process. 7. Describe athlete’s foot – what exactly is it? What are its signs and symptoms? Caused by mould Trichophyton rubrum Occurs between toes and on soles of feet Fungus thrives in warm, damp places like floors of showers, pools and gyms Symptoms: reddened, cracked and peeling skin with itching or burning and stinging sensations Station # 4: Kingdom Animalia – General Characteristics 1. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry and provide an example of an organism for each type. radial symmetry bilateral symmetry No preferred direction of motion Mobile animals with preferred orientation Can meet environment equally well in any direction Generally, head region enters a location first Sense organs not all in one place Ex: insects, humans Ex: hydra, jellyfish, sea stars 2. Into which two groups is this kingdom divided? Describe each of the groups and provide an example of each. invertebrates vertebrates no backbone have backbone/notochord for part of their lives as a guide for axial ex: insects, molluscs, jellyfish, skeleton snails, etc. ex: humans, dogs, horses, etc. 3. List the features that all animals have in common. Multicellular, eukaryotic cells Only a cell membrane, not a cell wall All heterotrophic (cannot make own food, unlike plants) 4. Explain the difference between a sessile organism and a motile organism. How would being a hermaphrodite be an advantage for sessile organisms? sessile motile not capable of independent capable of movement movement can move from place to place remain in fixed location all of adult lives 5. Humans have a high opinion of themselves. It has been said that we are the most highly evolved and specialized animal. In what was is this true or untrue? Varied answers Station # 5: Kingdom Animalia - Phyla Focus 1. What are some of the similarities and differences between echinoderms and molluscs? Which do you think is more complex? Justify your answer. molluscs complete digestive tract with 2 ends not all live in ocean bilaterally symmetrical radula echinoderms same all members live in ocean eat molluscs radially symmetrical water vascular system 2. Make a list of the different phyla of invertebrates explored here. Indicate what type of symmetry is demonstrated by each phylum. See below! 3. Fill in the following chart using the Shape of Life Activity Guide and other reference pages. Phylum porifera cnidaria platyhelminthes annelida General Characteristics & Reproduction Method(s) Assymetrical Organized as assemblage of specialized cells No tissues No skeleton, made of spicules Reproduction in body of sponge Ex: sponges 2 tissue layers with nerve and muscle tissues Nematocysts: structures in special cells that can act in offense and defense 2 main life forms: Free-swimming medusa (jellyfish) Stationary polyp (anemone) Bilaterally symmetrical with a head and a tail Centralized nervous system 3 tissue layers No body cavity (coelem) No circulatory system No hard skeleton Ex: flatworms Elongate and bilaterally symmetrical Segmented true body cavity Complete circulatory system with capillaries, arteries, veins Body wall made of circular and lengthwise muscles arthropoda mollusca echinodermata chordata Continuous gut from mouth to anus Bristle-like setae Ex: earthworms, leeches Hard exoskeleton made of chitin and protein Possess numerous jointed appendages and segmented body Must molt to grow Bilaterally symmetrical Ex: insects, spiders, crustaceans Radula: rasping, tongue-like organ Muscular foot for locomotion and other things Mantle: sheet of tissue that covers body and can secrete shell and houses gill and lungs Calcium shell in most organisms Ex: clams, snails, slugs, octopi Internal skeleton made of little calcium plates 5 part radial symmetry Water vascular system: special fluid-filled system operating tube feet Ex: sea starts, sea cucumbers Notochord: rod-like above the guy, below nerve chord Dorsal nerve chord: hollow tube differentiating brain and spinal cord Gill clefts: behind mouth, in front of esophagus Segmented muscles Post-anal tail Ex: vertebrates, tunicates, lancelates