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Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 Ch. 10: Byzantine Empire and Russia Section: 10.1 The Byzantine Empire The Growth of the Byzantine Empire – Emperor Justinian I (r. 527 – 565 AD) attempts to revive the Roman Empire under his rule – Justinian Code ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – This collection became the Justinian Code and was organized into four parts _______ __________: contained Roman laws _______ ____________: summarized Roman legal opinions _______ __________________: guided law students _______ ___________________: contained laws passed after 534 AD – The Justinian Code preserved the Roman idea that people should be ruled by the law not the whims of rulers – Able advisors Theodora, empress and wife or Justinian, that convinced Justinian to give women more rights such as the right to divorce and own property the same value of their dowry (the money or goods a wife brought to a husband in marriage) – ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Belisarius, general of all Justinian's armies that conquered much of the old _______________ _______________ _______________ Strengths of the Empire – ____________________________________________________________ Gov’t officials were skilled, efficient, and well paid – ____________________________________________________________ – The military was well trained and its weapons and armor were well designed – Powerful navy equipped with a chemical weapon, Greek Fire (a liquid that burst into flames when sprayed on enemy sips) – ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ – Imperial tax polices raised huge government revenues used to pay military and gov’t salaries and construct public buildings The Christian Church Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 – The pope was the most powerful leader of the Christian Church in the West Byzantines did not recognize the authority of the pope and saw the patriarch of Constantinople as the most powerful church leader – Iconoclast Controversy Western Christians and Eastern (Byzantine) Christians disagreed over the use of icons (holy picture of the Jesus, Virgin Mary, or the saints) – ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ In 726 AD, Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all icons In 787 AD, the pope declared the destroying of icons heresy (going against the beliefs of the church) and threatened iconoclasts with excommunication (removing someone as a church member) In 1054 AD, the issues finally burst and the Christian Church Split in two – ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ – The church in the East became the Eastern Orthodox Church – Although the two remain divided, icons are now a part of the _______________ __________________ __________ Byzantine Culture – Byzantine scholars passed on to future generations the learnings of ancient Greece, Rome, and the East – ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ – Art Mosaic, a picture or design made from small pieces of enamel, glass, or stone ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – Architecture The Hagia Sophia, a church constructed by the Byzantines in Constantinople in 537 AD – A huge dome (180 feet high and 108 feet wide) sits on top of the church The Decline of the Empire – The empire weakened after Justinian died ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 1096 – 1099 AD, a western European empire fought with the empire to regain much of its lost land – However, that same army turned on the Byzantines and sacked Constantinople ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Section: 10.2 The Rise of Russia The Setting and People – Large plain that extends from the Carpathian Mountains (Europe) to the Ural Mountains (in Asia) South of the major plain is a section that is grassy and mostly treeless (steppe) has black, fertile soil ideal for agriculture – ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ – Slavs settled in eastern Russia in the 400s AD – Vikings from Scandinavia in the 800s AD invaded Eastern Europe and Russia creating water-going trade routes Kievan Russia – ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ The Rus people soon conquered the city of Kiev, which became the capital of Kievan Russia in 879 AD Kievan Russia became a trading partner of the Byzantine Empire – Government ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Veche (town meeting) requested by a prince and all heads of households had to attend to discuss important matters (war and other emergencies) Yaroslav I or Yaroslav the Wise ruled Kievan Russia He built churches, introduced a law code (Pravda Russkia), which used tribal laws and traditions – Religion Vladimir I, converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 988 AD to marry the sister of the Byzantine Emperor and then ordered all Kievans to convert with him ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ – Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 The church became a more and more dominate force in Kievan Russia Many Kievan mosaics, frescoes, and icons portrayed a deep and thoughtful spirituality These art forms helped viewers to reflect on the meaning of religious ideas and values Economy Two major agricultural regions – ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ However, the growing season is short (long winters) forcing farmers to work long hours to grow crops – The steppe itself has a milder climate and a longer growing season that made farm work easier Trade especially between Kievan Russia and the Byzantine Empire made Russia strong & powerful by the early 1000s AD Peasants lived in small villages in the country and produced the crops that fed Kievan Russia ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Section 10.3: Russia & the Mongols Attack on Kiev – Infighting between territorial princes aides in a decline in Kievan Russia ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – New invaders from Asia, the Mongols invade Kievan Russia and conquer and destroy Kiev in 1240 AD ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – Kievan Russia under the Mongols The Mongols taxed the region heavily, taxes could be paid for in money or in goods, or peasants could pay the Mongol overlords with their labor The Mongols built roads & and improved communication methods ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ – Kievan Russia and its neighbors In the 1300s AD, Poland and Lithuania took land from Kievan Russia Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ The Rise of Moscow – In the early 1300s AD, Moscow (Muscovy) became a major Russian principality ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ The Leader of the Orthodox Church in Russia moves to Moscow increasing its influence – Ivan III (Ivan the Great) ruled Moscow from 1462 to 1505 AD ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Ivan III gained Russia more territory through conquest and ruled with absolute authority – Ivan the Terrible ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Ivan IV takes the title of czar (caesar) as he sees his kingdom as the heir to the Roman and Byzantine Empire ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Ivan arrested boyars and gave their land to his supporters Executed boyars he saw as personal enemies ______________________________________________________ His cruelty, propensity for violence, & unpredictable temper earned him the nickname Ivan the Terrible – The growth of the church ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – By 1500 AD the church was a major Russian landowner ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ – In 1589 AD, Moscow’s church leader was named patriarch of the church in Russia – ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Domed churches were built & filled with beautiful artwork – Name:___________________________ World History: Byzantine Empire and Russia Notes Packet Ch. 10 The churches were meant to inspire awe, religious wonder, & a mystical feeling of spirituality among worshippers