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Glossary Cellular Respiration aerobic – a process which requires oxygen; aerobic respiration is the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP anaerobic – describes a process that does not require oxygen autotroph – an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of consuming other organisms catalyst – a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy, but which is left unchanged by the reaction. cellular respiration – the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide energy - the ability to do work. It is a scalar physical quantity. Although energy is conserved, there are many different types of energy, such as kinetic energy, potential energy, light, sound, and nuclear energy. enzyme - a protein that functions as a catalyst for a chemical reaction fermentation - the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts or mold in the absence of oxygen; energy releasing process: anaerobic respiration glucose - a simple monosaccharide sugar that serves as the main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living things. Its chemical formula is: C6H12O6 glycolysis – the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP heterotroph - an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their byproducts an that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials. Krebs Cycle – a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial and plant cells and it releases energy. pyruvic acid - the three carbon compound produced during glycolysis and needed both for aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis respiration release of energy contained in sugars for use in metabolism and changes carbohydrate “fuel” back into carbon dioxide, which is in turn released back to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon taken up by photosynthesis and released back to the atmosphere by respiration each year is about 1,000 times greater than the amount of carbon that moves through the geological cycle on an annual basis.