Download Earth`s Structure Test

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BENCHM ARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE
Multiple Choice
1.
Which sphere of the Earth system contains
nearly all of Earth's mass?
A the geosphere
B the atmosphere
C the biosphere
D the hydrosphere
2.
According to the theory of plate tectonics,
A Earth’s crust is made of molten
material.
B Earth’s plates move slowly and
constantly.
C Earth’s surface has not changed over
time.
D Earth’s plates move at the same speed
as Earth rotates on its axis.
3.
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer
question 4.
Holes drilled several kilometers into
Earth’s crust provide direct evidence
about Earth’s interior in the form of
A seismic waves.
B rock samples.
C liquid iron.
D volcanic eruption.
4.
Which of Earth’s layers experiences the
greatest pressure?
A the crust
B the mantle
C the outer core
D the inner core
5.
When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy
moves from the pot to your hand in a
process called
A magnetic energy.
B indirect evidence.
C subduction.
D heat transfer.
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
Suppose heat has caused convection
currents to form in a fluid. When the heat
source is removed from the fluid, the
convection currents will
A speed up.
B change direction.
C eventually stop.
D continue at the same rate forever.
8.
Geologists believe that the crystals inside
a geode probably form when
A lava suddenly cools on Earth’s surface.
B minerals dissolved in a solution
evaporate.
C minerals dissolved in a solution
crystallize.
D magma cools slowly inside Earth.
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer
question 7.
9.
Where does most metamorphic rock
form?
A at Earth's surface
B in volcanoes
C in ocean waters
D deep underground
6.
7.
10. To describe a rock’s texture, geologists
determine
A the color and density of the rock.
B how the rock formed.
C the size, shape, and pattern of the
rock’s grains.
D the mineral composition of the rock.
All of the diagrams shown above
demonstrate a specific property of both
organic and inorganic minerals. Which
mineral property is illustrated in the
diagrams?
A streak
B density
C cleavage
D hardness
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
11. The most abundant type of intrusive rock
in the continental crust is
A slate.
B granite.
C flint.
D quartzite.
14. Which of the following is an example of a
clastic sedimentary rock?
A granite
B rock salt
C coal
D conglomerate
12. Igneous rock that formed from lava that
erupted onto Earth’s surface is called
A extrusive rock.
B intrusive rock.
C clastic rock.
D sedimentary rock.
15. If granite is subjected to heat and pressure
inside Earth it may change to
A basalt.
B an organic sedimentary rock.
C a foliated metamorphic rock.
D an extrusive igneous rock.
13. The process by which dissolved minerals
crystallize and glue particles of sediment
together is
A compaction.
B cementation.
C deposition.
D erosion.
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer
question 19.
16. Which of the following can change rock
into metamorphic rock?
A the heat of the sun
B the high temperature of pockets of
magma that rise through the crust
C radioactive minerals.
D evaporation
17. What step in the rock cycle would be
required to change granite into sandstone?
A Granite particles settle on the ocean
floor.
B Lava flows melt the granite sediment.
C Pieces of the granite melt when they
return to the mantle by subduction.
D Magma hardens into granite sediment.
18. Most geologists rejected Alfred
Wegener’s idea of continental drift
because
A they were afraid of a new idea.
B Wegener was interested in what Earth
was like millions of years ago.
C Wegener used several different types
of evidence to support his hypothesis.
D Wegener could not identify a force that
could move the continents.
19. If most fossils form within sedimentary
rock, which of the following can be
inferred from the rock cycle diagram?
A Fossils may be found in any type of
rock.
B Fossils are resistant to the heating and
pressure inside the Earth.
C Many fossils that form are destroyed
when sedimentary rocks melt.
D Sedimentary rocks are the only type of
rock that may contain fossils.
20. Which discovery may have provided
evidence that the climate in Antarctica
was once much warmer than it is today?
A lava flows in Antarctica
B shallow lakes in Antarctica
C granite cliffs in Antarctica
D fossils of plants in Antarctica that are
now extinct
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 21 and 22.
21. The diagram above shows two types of
movements of Earth’s crust. What feature
of the ocean floor develops in the region
labeled A?
A abyssal plain
B continental shelf
C mid-ocean ridge
D sandbar
23. Which scientific theory helped scientists
explain the occurrence of volcanoes and
earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean?
A cell theory
B theory of plate tectonics
C theory of natural selection
D theory of relativity
24. Because stress is a force, it
A always preserves the shape of the rock.
B always adds energy to rock.
C always adds volume to rock.
D always makes rock harder.
22. Which of the following statements best
describes the process shown in the
diagram above?
A The process occurs very quickly at
only one location in Earth's oceanic
crust.
B The process occurs very slowly at only
one location in Earth's oceanic crust.
C The process occurs very quickly along
several very long cracks in Earth's
oceanic crust.
D The process occurs very slowly along
several very long cracks in Earth's
oceanic crust.
25. Which type of stress force produces
reverse faults?
A shearing
B tension
C compression
D deformation
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
26. In what direction do seismic waves carry
the energy of an earthquake?
A away from the focus
B toward the focus
C from the center of Earth toward the
epicenter
D from the epicenter toward the center of
Earth
28. For which of the following activities
would a geologist use a seismograph?
A studying the motions of clouds
B checking for cracks in an oil pipeline
C searching for stars in distant galaxies
D recording plate movements
29. Geologists cannot yet predict earthquakes
because
A they have too much data.
B they can’t be sure when and where
stress will be released along a fault.
C they need to know where all past
earthquakes occurred.
D there are too many faults to monitor.
27. A news report states that an earthquake
occurred in your area yesterday afternoon.
Some people commented that the
vibrations felt like those of a passing
truck, but no damage occurred. How
would you rate this earthquake on the
Mercalli scale?
A I–III
B IV–VI
C VII–IX
D X–XII
30. The volcanoes along converging oceanic
plate boundaries may form
A a hot spot.
B a part of the mid-ocean ridge.
C an island arc.
D a subducting plate.
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
31. If a volcano’s magma is high in silica, the
volcano will probably
A erupt quietly.
B remain dormant.
C erupt explosively.
D produce an island arc.
34. Hot spot volcanoes that form on the ocean
floor are usually
A composite volcanoes.
B cinder cone volcanoes.
C lava plateaus.
D shield volcanoes.
32. What triggers the small earthquakes that
occur around a volcano before an
eruption?
A upward movement of magma
B pyroclastic flow
C cooling magma inside the crust
D plate movements
35. Magma that forces itself across rock
layers hardens into a
A sill.
B volcanic neck.
C dike.
D batholith.
33. A volcano that is erupting or has shown
signs of erupting in the near future is
called
A an active volcano.
B an extinct volcano.
C a dormant volcano.
D an explosive volcano.
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BENCHMARK TEST: EARTH’S STRUCTURE (continued)
Short Response
Write an answer for each of the following:
36.
Describe the convection currents that occur inside Earth.
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37.
Compare and contrast the formation of coarse-grained and fine-grained igneous rock.
Give an example of each.
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Directions: Use the diagram below to answer question 38.
38.
Describe what is happening at point Z in the diagram.
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39.
How is the moment magnitude scale used to describe earthquakes?
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