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Transcript
Reconstruction Review Sheet 1) As a result of the Civil War, what level of government is given the greatest amount of power? Federal Government 2) How was the Northern economy helped by the Civil War? The Federal Government provided a large amount of money to the Northern industries as the federal government purchased war goods and built railroads. The increase in capital (money) and the expanded production (the fact that they were used to producing more goods) allowed the Northern businesses to greatly expand after the Civil War. This is a major cause of the Age of Big Business (a.k.a. the Gilded Age) during the late 1800’s. 3) When did the following time periods/events occur? 3a) Sectionalism (Causes of the Civil War)? 1820’s - 1860 3b) Civil War? 1861 - 1865 3c) Reconstruction? 1865 - 1877 4) What was President Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction? The Ten Percent Plan. It was very lenient. It allowed all of the Southern states to rejoin the Union as long as 10% of the state’s population swore allegiance to the US on the Constitution. 5) What was the nickname of Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan? The Ten Percent Plan. 6) Why was Lincoln’s Plan so lenient? Lincoln’s #1 goal during the Civil War was to unite the Union as quickly as possible. He also felt that the Southern States never left the Union because the citizens of those Southern States never voted to secede, only the state legislators did. 7) What was President Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction? It was also lenient. It was based upon Lincoln’s plan. An addition was the requirement of each Southern state was the ratification of the 13th Amendment. 8) What caused the impeachment of Johnson? His disagreements with the Radical Republicans over the plans for Reconstruction. 9a-b) What were the primary goals of the Radical Republicans in their plan for Reconstruction? 1) Protect the Freedmen 2) Punish the White Southerners (The answers from 1 and 2 here are also the answers that go in 1 and 2 in the next question) 10) What was the Reconstruction Plan actually passed by the Radical Republicans? 1) Protect the Freedmen 10a) –The Freedman’s Bureau – Provided jobs, created schools, gave food & clothing 10b) – The Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Attempted to end the use of discrimination (i.e. Black codes) in the South 10c) – 14th Amendment – 1) Equal Rights to blacks (“Equal protection clause”) 2) Granted citizenship to people of color (specifically blacks) 3) Disenfranchised Southern whites 4) Due Process Clause – applies the Bill of Rights to the states 2) Punish the White Southerners 10d) – Military Reconstruction – Martial law 10e) – Forced whites to guarantee blacks equal rights 10f) – Had to ratify 14th & 15th Amendments 11) What are a person’s “civil rights”? their basic freedoms 12) The three Civil War / Reconstruction Amendments are listed below. Explain their affects on the lives of African Americans: 12a) 13th Amendment – Ends slavery 12b) 14th Amendment – 1) Equal Rights to blacks (“Equal protection clause”) 2) Granted citizenship to people of color (specifically blacks) 3) Disenfranchised Southern whites 4) Due Process Clause – applies the Bill of Rights to the states 12c) The “due process” clause of the 14th Amendment is often cited in Supreme Court cases. What does “due process” mean? Rules the government must follow 12d) 15th Amendment – gives blacks the right to vote 13a) When freedmen received the right to vote, who did these people of African descent almost always vote for? Republican 13b) Why? The Republicans protected them – Lincoln was a Republican and the Radical Republicans helped them. 14) Did these three Civil War / Reconstruction Amendments really protect the rights of freedmen? Yes, at first, but the Black Codes, Voting Restrictions, and Jim Crow laws, stripped away their rights. 15) What are Black Codes? Old Slave laws (i.e. no loitering, no congregating after dark, no owning guns, …) 16) What is a “freedman”? Former slaves 17) What is a sharecropper? Farm workers that were typically former slaves that worked on the same plantation where they were slaves. They were paid only when the harvest came in and were charged for rent, food, … Often, the tenant farmers owed more money than they were paid and they were tied to the land as much now as they were during the days of slavery. 18) What is a tenant farmer? Farmer that rented the land, had a chance to make more meny and to get ahead. 19) Why is it better to be a tenant farmer than a sharecropper? You could actually make a profit, tenant farmers were not as tied to the land or the plantation owner. 20a-c) Large plantations during Reconstruction started to grow large amounts of cash crops. This resulted in what? 1) Overproduction of farm goods leads to 2) decline in prices of these crops 3) Less subsistence agriculture (grew only cash crops, had to buy food to eat from other middlemen/merchants) 21) What was the: 21a) Poll Tax – Fee in order to vote 21b) Literacy Test – Test to see if blacks could read & write 21c) Grandfather Clause – allowed whites to vote without having to take the Literacy test or pay the Poll tax if their ancestors voted before 1866. 22) All three of things tried to do what? Limit Blacks’ rights to vote, limit the rights guaranteed by the 15th Amendment 23) What was the major beliefs of the following people and what did they create? 23a) Booker T. Washington – Vocational education, Tuskegee Institute 23b) W.E.B. DuBois – Equality NOW, NAACP 24) Why was the South called the “New South” after the Civil War? It now had industry, factories, railroads, as well as the farms. It was a mixed economy. 25) What is the “Solid South”? Once whites were allowed to vote again, most of the whites voted for Democrats. For 90 years, the Southern states would almost always vote for Democrats. 26) Plessy v. Ferguson 26a) Background: Homer Plessy was 1/8 black and 7/8 white. He bought a first class train ticket in New Orleans and was traveling in the state of Louisiana to another city, East Covington. When Plessy boarded the first class train car, he announced to the ticket collector that he was part black. The train employee asked Plessy to move to the “colored” section of the train, but he refused. Plessy was forcibly removed from the train and arrested for violating the Louisiana Act of 1890, a.k.a. the Separate Car Act. This law required all train cars in the state of Louisiana to provide “separate but equal accommodations.” Plessy was conducting an act of civil disobedience by challenging this law. 26b) Decision: In favor of Ferguson (the state of Louisiana) 26c) Why? 1) Plessy thought his 13th Amendment rights were violated but this had nothing to do with slavery. 2) Plessy thought his 14th Amendment rights to “equal protection” were violated but since there were other “colored cars” that were “equal”, his rights were NOT violated. Equal does NOT require the facilities or accommodations to be together. 3) Since the train trip was entirely within the state of Louisiana, it is “intrastate” commerce. Therefore, the state can regulate it. This makes the Louisiana Act of 1890 constitutional. 26d) Results? This decision gave constitutional support to Jim Crow laws. 27) What were Jim Crow laws? Segregation laws 28) What does “segregation” mean? Separate the races 29) The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction. What were the stipulations of this agreement? The Republicans would win the presidency but the Radical Republicans had to end military Reconstruction in the South.