* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download 1 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 SMS Language
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sloppy identity wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Agglutination wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Contraction (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Morphology (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Untranslatability wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
6 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 SMS Language Smith (2003:98) reports that “texting is being claimed to be more popular than any other form of communication for everyday use”. It can be analyzed that the average length of characters in sending an SMS is 160 characters. This character limitation in using the media of text messaging slightly increases the function of SMS Language. In particular, SMS language is represented by having abbreviations that is used to shortening the words by deleting letters, vowels, punctuation and capitalization, also putting emoticons (emotion-icon symbols used to give a sense of emotions, e.g., :( that refers to a sad face) and also by having acronyms. Despite the matter of express typing in writing an SMS, the other facts that make the SMS language more likely to be used on text message are the simplicity of typing and the usage of symbolic items, which is called the emoticons. In order to create a shorter word by deleting unnecessary words or vowels, it can be found that some words are coded in simple phonetic form; for example, ‘because’ becomes ‘bcuz’ and ‘why’ becomes ‘y’. Therefore, it can be assumed that people’s written language may begin to show different variation of other written language, beside poetic language; literary written language; etc. This written language is named as SMS Language. 7 2.2 Abbreviation According to Mattiello (2013), abbreviation is the term for shortening words or phrase into another form of words, it is related to the three processes of abbreviation mechanism: clippings, acronyms and initialisms. 2.2.1 Clippings Clipping is the process of obtaining new words by shortening the lexeme to one or two syllables. In other words, it eliminates letters, or syllables if it is possible, to create a shorter one without changing the meaning of the word. For example, the word jams (pajamas), ad (advertisement), gym (gymnastic), photo (photograph), and info (information). 2.2.2 Acronyms and Initialisms Mattiello (2013) analyzed that these two processes of abbreviation are using the same mechanism by grouping the title, phrase or list into an initial letters. These processes can be easily recognized in the use of SMS Language, for example in the word TTYL (Talk To You Later), ASAP (As Soon As Possible) or LOL (Laughing Out Loud). 2.3 Blending Mattiello (2013) defined blending as the process of merging parts of existing words, it might also created from a complete word combined with another part of word and it becomes a new word. For example: the word advertorial (advertisement and editorial), infotainment (information and entertainment) and camcorder (camera and recorder). 8 2.4 Relaxed Pronunciation According to David Tulga (2012), on his web, relaxed pronunciation is a natural process of words simplification in everyday speech that occur when the speaker combine and reduce words or phrase to run together. For example: bout (about), gotcha (got you), wassup (what is up), coulda (could have), d (the), wanna (want to), or y’all (you all). 2.5 Capitalization Rules Capitalization is the form of writing a word using a capital letter (upper-case letter) in its first letter. According to Strauss (2011) on “The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation”, there are 17 rules of capitalization. Rule 1: Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence. Examples: My father said, "Don’t you worry, child." Rule 2: Capitalize a proper noun. Example: The Great Wall of China Rule 3: Capitalize a person's title when it precedes the name. Do not capitalize when the title is acting as a description following the name. Examples: President Barack Obama Mr. Obama, the president of United States, will come to Indonesia. Rule 4: Capitalize the person's title when it follows the name on the address or signature line. Example: Mrs. Trump, Vice President. Rule 5: Capitalize the titles of high-ranking government officials when used before their names. Examples: The Detective O’hara. 9 Rule 6: Capitalize any title when used as a direct address. Example: May I ask about my schedule, Sir? Rule 7: Capitalize points of the compass only when they refer to specific regions. Examples: You have another visitor from the South. Five blocks to south and then turn left. Rule 8: Always capitalize the first and last words of titles of publications regardless of their parts of speech. Capitalize other words within titles, including the short verb forms Is, Are, and Be. Examples: The Last Samurai Traditional Dance Is a Compulsory Course: Yes or No? Rule 9: Capitalize federal or state when used as part of an official agency name or in government documents where these terms represent an official name. Examples: She visited every state during her vacation. It is the new obligation from U.S Department of State. Rule 10: You may capitalize words such as department, bureau, and office if you have prepared your text in the following way: Example: The Department of Commerce has bringing the confirmation regarding the case. The Department has started the press conference. Rule 11: Do not capitalize names of seasons. Example: I love the colors of spring and summer. Rule 12: Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close. Examples: Dear Ms. Lassiter: Rule 13: Capitalize words derived from proper nouns. Example: I must take English and physics. 10 English is capitalized because it comes from the proper noun England. Rule 14: Capitalize the names of specific course titles. Example: I took math and Literary Criticism 2. Rule 15: Do not capitalize the first word if it begins a list. Example: I need to buy: sugar, flour, eggs, butter and baking powder. Rule 16: Do not capitalize when only one sentence follows a sentence ending with a colon. Example: I like J.K. Rowling’s writing: her book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, was very interesting. Rule 17: Capitalize when two or more sentences follow a sentence ending with a colon. Example: I like J.K. Rowling’s writing: Her book, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, was very interesting. Also, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire were marvelous. 2.6 Punctuation Rules According to Strauss (2011), each type of punctuation has its own rule. There are 10 punctuation rules in particular: apostrophes, colon, comma, dashes, exclamation point, hyphens, parentheses, period, question mark and semicolon. More specific details are discussed below. 2.6.1 Apostrophes Rule 1: Use the apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is always placed at the spot where the letter(s) has been removed. Example: Don't, isn't, you're right. 11 She's a great teacher. Rule 2: Use the apostrophe to show possessions. Example: in singular One woman’s hat One girl’s bag in plural The students’ book The teachers’ job 2.6.2 Colon Rule 1: Use the colon to introduce a list of items. Example: I might need: a cork, a screw, a mallet and a hammer. I need you to find: the definition, the example and the similarities. Rule 2: Use a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences. Example: The new obligation about the traditional dance as a compulsory course has not been approved yet: it gained various comments. 2.6.3 Comma Rule 1: To separate the word or group of words with a series of three or more. Example: I like the black, blue, red and yellow skirt. Rule 2: To separate two sentences, in order to avoid confusions. Example: Although this new concept has not been approved yet, however it seems that it is unnecessary for implementing this obligation in Indonesia’s education system. 12 2.6.4 Exclamation Mark Use exclamation mark to show surprise or strong feeling. Do not use it on a formal sentence. Example: You cannot do this! 2.6.5 Hyphens Rule 1: To use in a compound verbs that appear as one word. Example: It costs me more when I have to air-condition the room. Rule 2: Hyphenated the compound numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine. Example: A fifty-three year old man has been sentenced to prison for raping a 9 year old girl. 2.6.6 Parentheses Rule 1: Use parentheses to enclose numbers or letters used for lists. Example: Please bring your own (1) CV, (2) passport photo, (3) certificate, and (4) medical report. Rule 2: Use parentheses to enclose words that clarify the sentence. Example: He finally signed the contract (after taking few minutes to discuss with the manager) for the job that he never even like since born. 2.6.7 Period Use a period to end a complete sentence as a statement. Example: It is hard for me to find a better job. 13 2.6.8 Question Mark Rule 1: To end a direct question sentence. Example: Where will you go? Rule 2: When the sentence is half question and half statement. Example: You forgot about it, don’t you? 2.6.9 Semicolon Use a semicolon in place of period to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been left out. Example: Visit the hospital tomorrow; I will introduce you to Doctor James. 2.6.10 Spacing with Punctuation One space is required to be used following these punctuations: period, commas, semicolon, colons, exclamation points, question marks and quotation marks. 2.7 Grammatical Error Analysis The writer decides to analyze the data from the grammatical point of view. There are terms of grammatical errors that can be explained briefly as follows. 2.7.1 Definition of Error According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, error can be defined as an act or condition of ignorant or imprudent deviation from a code of behavior. In addition, according to Amalia (2009:6), on her thesis for Binus University, she stated that the frequent use of inappropriate form of English that applied by the students who have English as their second language on their writing and this she 14 stated that the occurrence of inappropriate use of English can be classified as errors. After identifying the definition of error from both sources, the writer concludes that errors can be classified as an act of lack accuracy of applying the appropriate or proper structure or function according to the standard. 2.7.2 Grammatical Classification According to Teschner and Evans (2007), any English words can be categorized based on which part of speech they belong to. Here there are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, prepositions and conjunctions. The brief explanation about the part of speech as follows. 2.7.2.1 Noun According to Teschner and Evans (2007), noun is about a person, place or thing. They stated that one of the ways to define whether a word is a noun or not, is by trying the possessive markers to the word, because only noun can go with possessive, such as the boy’s hat, the girl’s happiness or the dog’s face. 2.7.2.2 Verb Most of the verbs involve action, while some of them define states of being. A way to know whether a word is a verb is by changing the tenses or the number of the noun on the sentence, if it is changed, then it should be the verb. For example the word sleep is a verb, because it changes into slept (past tense), sleeps (third person singular) and sleeping (gerund). While, camera is not a verb, because it cannot be changed into cameraed (past tense) or camering (gerund). 15 2.7.2.3 Adjective Teschner and Evans (2007) stated that adjective is the word that describe, modify, limit, distinguish or characterize the noun they refer to. In this case, adjective can limit the noun referred. For example, the blue pants, so that limits the noun, pants, not the green, white, or red and so on. 2.7.2.4 Adverb It describes, modifies, limits, distinguishes or characterizes the verb they refer to. It is similar to the application on adjective to noun, while adverb to verb. It is assigned as manner to the verb, for example: she walks slowly (in a slow manner), he drives carefully (in a careful manner), or she cried loudly (in a loud manner). 2.7.2.5 Pronoun Pronoun is a word that replaces the noun or noun phrase. Pronoun can be categorized into seven types, there are: Personal such as I/me, they/them, he/him, she/her and so on. Reflexive such as myself, themselves, himself, herself and so on. Possessive pronoun such as mine, theirs, his, hers and so on. Reciprocal such as each other. Relative/interrogative such as who, which, what, when, where and so on. Demonstrative such as this/these and that/those. Indefinite such as anything, someone, no one, and so on. 16 2.7.2.6 Determiner Determiner is called as a determiner because, in a sentence, they were used before the noun and they clarify by determining things about the noun itself. For example, a determiner shows whether the speaker located near the object or not, this sofa or that sofa. Also, shows belongings, my shoes or his shoes. 2.7.2.7 Preposition Teschner and Evans (2007) stated that preposition is a “short” word that used to connect the expression including space, time and degree. There are twenty most frequent used of preposition: at, about, against, around, before, below, between, by, for, from, in, of, on, over, through, to, towards, under and with. 2.7.2.8 Conjunction There are two types of conjunction; first it is a word that coordinates words, phrase and clauses, there are and, either/or, neither/nor, but, yet, and for. Second, it is a word that subordinates the clauses, there are as, although, because, before, even if, if, meanwhile, since, so, that, though, unless, when, while and so on. 2.8 Common Grammatical Error Types Azar (2000) stated that there are four groups that classify grammatical errors due to the measurement of the impact for the reader. GROUP A This group contains the errors that have big impact to the readers and they are rule-based. 1. Subject-Verb Agreement Errors Incorrect : He feel so bad about it. 17 Correct 2. : He feels so bad about it. Verb Tense Errors Incorrect : She was there since this morning. Correct : She has been there since this morning. 3. Verb Form Errors Incorrect : She was nominate as the wealthiest celebrity on Forbes. Correct : She was nominated as the wealthiest celebrity on Forbes. 4. Singular/Plural Noun Errors Incorrect : They both have many difference. Correct : They both have many differences. 5. Word Form Errors Incorrect : It was the achievement that makes her difference. Correct : it was the achievement that makes her different. GROUP B This group contains the error with large impact to the reader, but they may not rule-based. 1. Sentence Structure Errors Incorrect : Bakrie and Soeharto are entrepreneurs, they are rich. Correct : Both Bakrie and Soeharto are entrepreneurs and rich. Incorrect : In conclusion both Rossi and Pedrosa they are very amazing world class racers. Correct : In conclusion, both Ross and Pedrossa are very amazing world- class racers. 2. Word Choice Errors Incorrect : Which one is true? Correct : Which one is correct? 18 GROUP C This group contains the error with less impact to the reader, but they are rule-based. 1. Articles Incorrect : She has a ugly face. Correct : She has an ugly face. 2. Preposition of Location, Time and Direction Incorrect : See you at ten minutes. Correct : See you in ten minutes. 3. Phrasal Verbs Incorrect : He has cut out of smoking. Correct : He has cut down the smoking. GROUP D This group contains the error with less impact to the reader and they may unlikely to be rule-based. 1. Idioms 2. Cultural References 3. More Complicated Lexical Questions 4. Exceptions to Rules 2.9 Previous Research The writer has found two studies with similar topic of research. The first study is Abbreviation in SMS Used by English Department Students of Binus University by Ely Ernawati from Binus University. The aim of the study is to identify the abbreviations type found in Binus University students’ SMS as well to find the difference between the female and male abbreviations. 19 The result of the study showed that it is verified that in SMS used one word can be made into various abbreviations, moreover according to the research that both male and female respondent have similar patterns in writing SMS text and they were using clipping in most of SMS text. The data were collected and analyzed by using quantitative method. This research took 70 respondents, 46 are female and 26 are male. She spread the questionnaire directly to the respondents during the break time. She then analyzed the data collected using word-formation process theory by Yule. The second study with similar topic is from Kristy Freudenberg at Stellenboch University, with the title, Investigating the Impact of SMS Speak on the Written Work of English First Language and English Second Language High School Learners. This study analyzed the influence of SMS speak on the written school work of high school students, which divided into two categories the first category is the students with English as their first language and the second category is the students with English as their second language. The aims of the study were to find out of how common the SMS language was used among the high school student and to assess whether there is any indication of SMS speak characteristic used in the English written work of these students. The results of this study showed that the respondents had known and used the SMS speak. Moreover, many participants confirmed to use SMS speak in some of their written work. However it did not contain a great number of incidences. In other word, it can be concluded that the students seems able to assess when it is and is not appropriate to use a certain variety of language. Even though the learners are capable to use the SMS speak when chatting to friends, but they still can 20 produce a formal and standard written work that has been approved in written high school English. The researcher took 88 participants from the English-Afrikaans dual medium school in a middle class neighborhood in the Western Cape. There are 51 participants who were having English as their mother tongue, while 37 participants were having English as their second language. There are 43 grade 8s and 45 grade 11s. The data were collected by giving them questionnaires to know the frequency and volume of their SMS used while texting in SMS. While the samples of the students’ English written work were taken to be examined the characters of SMS speak.