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Part IV: Plate Tectonics, Topography and Ecology Due: 5/23 1. What are Continental Drift, Seafloor Spreading, and Plate Tectonics? Continental Drift – idea that continents have slowly moved to their current locations over time Alfred Wegner. Seafloor Spreading – theory that new seafloor is formed when hot magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge Harry Hess. Plate Tectonics - theory that Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move on the asthenosphere. Plate tectonics combines continental drift and seafloor spreading. 2. List three-five pieces of evidence that support Plate Tectonics theory. Climate clues – fossils of warm-weather organisms are found in cold areas. Glacial deposits are found in warm areas. Fossil clues – fossils of an animal, Mesosaurus, and a plant, Glossopteris, are found on several different continents. Rock Clues – several similar rock structures are found on different continents. Pangaea Puzzle – continents fit together like puzzle pieces Seafloor Spreading and magnetic reversals of earth’s poles 3. Describe the picture above using your knowledge of continental drift. The Earth’s continents were once joined in a single large landmass (Pangaea) that broke apart, and that the continents have drifted to their current locations. Continents drift due to sea floor spreading caused by convection currents. 4. Describe how the Hawaiian Islands or Yellowstone Park were formed: Both of these are formed by a hot spot in the mantle and as a plate moved it punched a hole in it causing volcanoes to erupt. 5. What are convection currents? They are currents of magma circulating underneath Earth’s crust. Hot, dense magma rises to the surface and cooler, more dense, magma sinks in a circular pattern. 6. How do convection currents affect Earth’s crust? As convection currents move molten material sideways, large portions of the crust, called lithospheric plates, ride on top across Earth’s surface. 7. Describe the three main types of plate boundaries. a. Convergent – plates are moving towards one another , O-O, C-C, O-C b. Divergent – plates are moving apart from one another. Seafloor spreading (ridges/rifts) c. Transform – plates are sliding past one another. 8. What is the “Ring of Fire”? Explain why this name is appropriate. (NOTE: Neither Johnny Cash or Nemo play a role in this response ) It is found in the Pacific Ocean where many plate boundaries are located. This area is where a great number of earthquakes and volcanoes occur. 9. What landforms are created when: http://www.age-of-thesage.org/tectonic_plates/boundaries_boundary_typ es.html a. Oceanic crusts diverge- Ridges and rifts-Mid Atlantic ridge b. Continental crusts converge- folded mountains Himalayas http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/Map s/map_plate_tectonics_world.html 13. What is the difference between a contour line & an index contour line? Contour lines are the lines that represent a level of elevation in a topographic map. They outline the appearance of that particular elevation. An index contour is either a darkened or bolder line (normally every 5th line) on which the contour number is listed. 10. The map above shows the western coast of South America. Which process caused the upward movement that formed the Andes Mountains? 14. What is a contour interval? A contour interval is the difference in elevation of 2 adjacent contour lines a. Seafloor Spreading b. Deposition of sediment c. Tectonic plate collision d. Erosion of rock layer TRANSFORM! 11. In the picture above, the North American continental plate is moving south and the Pacific Oceanic plate is moving north. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of this movement? a. Earthquake b. Volcano c. Mountain d. Pieces of California breaking off into the ocean Use the topographic map above to answer the questions below. 12. What is the purpose of using a topographic map? A topographic map is 1 dimensional objective of a 3 dimensional feature. It allows you to see the surface features, roads, and other man made features on a map. Use the map above and information from questions #12-14 to answer the questions below. 15. Locate the hills and color them brown. How did you know they were hills? 3, contour lines form loops to represent hills or mountains 16. Trace over the river in blue. How can you use the map to determine direction of water flow? You determine the direction of the water source by looking at the direction of the “V” on the contour map. The “V” points upstream and that means the water flows in the opposite direction towards the mouth of the “V”. 17. Add a benchmark symbol and elevation to point C or F on the map. X or BM 22. Which type of wave causes the most property damage? Surface waves cause the most property damage-rolling action 18. Add an index contour line on the map in the appropriate place. 19. If the contour interval of Molen lake map is 10m, what is the lowest point and highest point of elevation on this map? Lowest- E 90m 23. What causes volcanoes? Magma is forced upward towards the surface of the crust by denser, cooler surrounding rock. Highest- F 160-170m ---------------------------------------------------------------- 24. What are hotspots and what do they have to do with islands? Hot spots are weaknesses in the interior of a tectonic plate where magma rises and can form islands in the ocean. An example of hotspot location are the Hawaiian islands. 25. What is the Ring of Fire, how did it get its name? 20. Some students use this map to plan a hike from a road to a creek in an unfamiliar area. Which of these additional pieces of information would most help the students plan their hike? a. The scale used on the map b. The type of bedrock in the area. c. The length of the creek on the map d. The location of the nearest large city. 21. Name and describe the three types of seismic (earthquake) waves. P-wave- primary wave - moves back and forth in the same direction and is the fastest. S-wave- secondary wave - moves at right angles and is the slower wave. Surface wave - is at the surface and is the most destructive wave, rolling. Which type of seismic wave moves the fastest? The “Ring of Fire” is an area of several tectonic plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Plate in the Pacific Ocean where most of Earth’s active volcanoes and earthquakes are located. 26. What is the difference between weathering, erosion and deposition? Weathering is the process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces. Erosion is the movement of weathered materials. Deposition is the collection and depositing of weathered materials. 27. There are two major categories of weathering. Identify the two categories and give an example of each. P-waves move the fastest and can travel through solids, liquids, and gasses. Mechanical weathering – abrasion, root pry, ice wedging are examples Chemical weathering – oxidation and dissolution are examples, acid rain, lichens, rusting 28. The map below shows the path of a river. The arrow shows the direction the river is flowing. Letters A and B identify the banks of the river. The water depth is greater near bank A than bank B because the water velocity near bank A is a. faster, causing deposition to occur b. faster, causing erosion to occur c. slower, causing deposition to occur d. slower, causing erosion to occur