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Oceans 11 Exam Outline
The format of the exam will be:
Part A: Multiple Choice
Part B: Match Up
Part C: True & False
Part D: Fill in the Blanks
Part E: Diagrams
Part F: Short/Long Answer
Part G: Article & Questions
Total points
20 points
10 points
5 points
5 points
20 points
30 points
10 points)
100 points
40 questions
20 questions
10 questions
10 questions
5 diagrams
4 questions
10 questions
Guiding Questions: ****Use your notes to verify the answers and to make comparisons to what we done in class.
1. What are the deep V-shaped valleys found cut into either the continental shelf or slope?
Trenches
2. What is the Percentage of Ocean, freshwater on the Earth's surface?
71 %
3. Evidence used by Alfred Wegener to support his hypothesis of continental drift.
Matching of coastlines; diversity of species of fossils; evidence of glaciers in tropical areas etc
4. What is the largest single geographic feature of our planet?
Pacific Ocean
5. What ocean contains more than half of all the ocean water on earth?
Pacific
6. What is used to determine the depth of the ocean floor?
Sonar
7. What are the layers of Earth?
Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, and inner and outer core
8. What is the age differences of the continental crust and oceanic? (Hint. Which one is younger?)
The ocean crust is much younger and denser than the continental crust
9. The Hawaiian Islands are associated with which type of plate boundary?
None it is considered a hotspot
10. Where do the majority of the world's earthquakes occur along which plate boundaries?
Convergent boundaries
11. The Trench is associated with which type of plate boundary?
Convergent (subduction)
12. Iceland is associated with which type of plate boundary?
Divergent (continental rifting)
13. What are the characteristics of the Pacific Ocean?
Largest ocean, and is found between North America and Asia
14. The Andes Mountains are associated with which type of plate boundary?
Convergent
15. Describe and know the layers of the earth?
Lithosphere (continental crust, less dense, makes up the plates etc)
Asthenosphere (termed “plastic-like”)
Mantle (Liquid)
Outer core (less dense then the inner core made up of iron and nickel)
Inner core (soild)
16. What coastline is the largest in the world?
Canada
17. Know the different types of plate boundaries and examples.
Covergent (Himalayas), Divergent (Iceland), Transform (St. Andres Fault)
Moving together; moving apart; and sliding past one another
18. What plate boundary is associated with Continental mountain?
Convergent
19. Which layer of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates?
Lithosphere
20. What is the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle?
Subduction zone
21. How is a rift valley formed?
Diverge
22. Which of the following appears to cause movement of Earth's tectonic plates?
Convection currents
23. Define neap tides and spring tides.
Neap tides occur when the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun are perpendicular to one another and occur during quarter moons. Smaller high and
smaller low tides caused when the sun and moon pull in different directions.
Spring tides have extra high (highest) and extra low (lowest) tides caused when the sun and the moon pull in the same direction. Happen when the Moon
and Sun are in line with each other (at the new and full moons).
24. What is the main cause of the Gulf Stream?
Winding blowing in regular directions all the time.
25. Define salinity.
The amount of salt in a given body of water.
26. What causes the currents to curve instead of moving in straight lines?
Coriolis effect
27. Know the characteristics of cold water and warm water in relation to density.
Cold water is much more dense then warm water therefore it sinks whereas the warm water stays around the surface of the ocean.
28. What occurs when circulation in the ocean brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface?
Upwelling
29. Know the characteristics of a wave and be able to label the diagram.
30. What is the highest and lowest point on a wave?
Highest = crest lowest = trough
31. What are surface currents caused by?
Wind
32. What is caused when wind blows across a body of water which causes the water to move?
Friction
33. The size of a wave is affected by?
Wind
34. What are density currents caused by?
Salinity and Temperature
35. The wind that blows on the water, passing its energy to the water. As this energy passes through the water, in what way do the water molecules move?
The water molecules move against the currents
36. Know the different zones of the ocean.
Layers of the Ocean
Scientists have divided the ocean into five main layers. These layers, known as "zones", extend from the surface to the most extreme depths where light
can no longer penetrate. These deep zones are where some of the most bizarre and fascinating creatures in the sea can be found. As we dive deeper into
these largely unexplored places, the temperature drops and the pressure increases at an astounding rate. The following diagram lists each of these zones in
order of depth.
Diagram of the five layers of the ocean. Image copyright Sea and Sky
Epipelagic Zone - The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic zone and extends from the surface to 200 meters (656 feet). It is also known
as the sunlight zone because this is where most of the visible light exists. With the light come heat. This heat is responsible for the wide range of
temperatures that occur in this zone.
Mesopelagic Zone - Below the epipelagic zone is the mesopelagic zone, extending from 200 meters (656 feet) to 1000 meters (3281 feet). The
mesopelagic zone is sometimes referred to as the twilight zone or the midwater zone. The light that penetrates to this depth is extremely faint. It is in this
zone that we begin to see the twinkling lights of bioluminescent creatures. A great diversity of strange and bizarre fishes can be found here.
Bathypelagic Zone - The next layer is called the bathypelagic zone. It is sometimes referred to as the midnight zone or the dark zone. This zone extends
from 1000 meters (3281 feet) down to 4000 meters (13,124 feet). Here the only visible light is that produced by the creatures themselves. The water
pressure at this depth is immense, reaching 5,850 pounds per square inch. In spite of the pressure, a surprisingly large number of creatures can be found
here. Sperm whales can dive down to this level in search of food. Most of the animals that live at these depths are black or red in color due to the lack of
light.
Abyssopelagic Zone - The next layer is called the abyssopelagic zone, also known as the abyssal zone or simply as the abyss. It extends from 4000
meters (13,124 feet) to 6000 meters (19,686 feet). The name comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom". The water temperature is near freezing, and
there is no light at all. Very few creatures can be found at these crushing depths. Most of these are invertebrates such as basket stars and tiny squids.
Three-quarters of the ocean floor lies within this zone. The deepest fish ever discovered was found in the Puerto Rico Trench at a depth of 27,460 feet
(8,372 meters).
Hadalpelagic Zone - Beyond the abyssopelagic zone lies the forbidding hadalpelagic zone. This layer extends from 6000 meters (19,686 feet) to the
bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean. These areas are mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons. The deepest point in the ocean is located in
the Mariana Trench off the coast of Japan at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters). The temperature of the water is just above freezing, and the pressure is an
incredible eight tons per square inch. That is approximately the weight of 48 Boeing 747 jets. In spite of the pressure and temperature, life can still be found
here. Invertebrates such as starfish and tube worms can thrive at these depths.
37. Where does the neritic zone of the ocean lie?
also called the Sublittoral zone is the part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, with a relatively shallow depth
extending to about 200 meters (100 fathoms).
38. What is the series in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algae?
Oceanic foodchain
39. Define a Biome, ecology, ecosystem, biosphere and abiotic and biotic.
Biome - major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate.
Ecology - the study of relations between organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem - a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment (abiotic and biotic factors).
Biosphere - the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist.
Abiotic - are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment.
Biotic - of or relating to living organisms.
40. What is an abiotic factor that varies less in marine biomes than in land biomes?
Temperature
41. Among the following which term includes the others salt marsh, lagoon, mangrove swamp and estuary?
A salt marsh (also known as saltings) is a type of marsh that is a transitional intertidal between land and salty or brackish water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, lagoon,
mangrove swamp, estuaries).
44. Know the water cycle and be able to label the diagram.
45. Marine biomes are divided into ecologically distinct zones what are they?
Depth and distance from the shore where organisms can attach.
46. In a marine biome, organisms experience radical changes in their environment each day in which zone?
Intertidal zone
47. In a lake containing sunfish, northern pike, water bugs, algae, and minnows, what organism would be present in the smallest numbers?
Northern pike (top of this food chain) -> as you go up the food chain organisms get larger but population is much smaller.
48. In the North Sea, tuna feed on herring and herring feed on sand eels. Cod and seabirds also feed on the eels. Assuming that North Sea fishermen
overfish cod and herring to the point that their populations greatly decrease, what is the most likely result on the tuna and seabird populations?
Tuna population would decrease (herring would be in low amount therefore not much food for tuna)
Seabirds population would increase (more eels because there would be less competition with the small numbers of cod)
49. Sonar uses WHAT to find objects in the ocean?
Sound waves
50. Why do Ocean basins get wider with time?
Seafloor spreading
51. What are tectonic plates moved around by?
Convection currents
52. The Himalayan Mountain Range of Asia is an example of what plate?
Convergent
53. Ocean floor is neither created nor destroyed along which plate boundaries?
Transform
54. What are Island Chains are formed by?
Divergent
55. Define tides.
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the rotation of the Earth and the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the
Sun. The tides occur with a period of approximately 12 and a half hours and are influenced by the shape of the near-shore bottom.
56. What is the horizontal distance between successive crests known as?
Wavelength
57. A substantial rise in sea level along a coast during a severe storm is called what?
Storm surge
58. The tidal bulge on the side of the Earth opposite the moon is due to what?
Gravitational forces
59. What ocean contains more than half of all the ocean water on earth?
Pacific
60. What is the deepest ocean on earth?
Pacific
61. What is used to determine the depth of the ocean floor?
Sonar – sound waves
62. What are the three principle gases found in the ocean?
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen gases
63. What gases dissolves most easily in ocean water?
Carbon dioxide gas
64. What do evaporation and freezing increase in the ocean?
Salinity
65. What ocean has very low salinity because of the low evaporation rate and the large amounts of freshwater that enter this ocean?
Arctic
66. What are the two factors that affect the density of ocean water?
Temperature and Salinity
67. What are the free-floating, microscopic plants and animals called?
Plankton
68. What removes dissolved gases and nutrients from the water and uses the energy from sunlight to carry on photosynthesis?
Phytoplankton
69. What serves as a food source for zooplankton?
Zooplankton are floating or weakly mobile microscopic or barely visible aquatic animals that eat algae.
70. What other process, in addition to the action of waves and tides, causes deep ocean water to move upward?
Currents
71. What is the process that extracts freshwater from saltwater?
Desalination
72. What is the most valuable mineral resource taken from beneath the sea floor?
Petroleum
73. What is the driving force of surface currents?
Wind
74. What are the huge circles of moving water that flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and counter clockwise in the southern hemisphere?
Gyres
75. What two factors affect the density of ocean water and cause deep currents?
Temperature and salinity
76. What is a periodic up and down movement of water?
Waves
77. What are the two basic parts of a wave?
Trough and Crest
78. What is the speed of a wave that has a wave that has a wavelength of 225 meters and a period of 15 seconds?
225/15 = 15 m/s
79. What destructive waves can be caused by volcanic eruptions and underwater landslides, but are usually the result of an earthquake on the ocean
floor?
Tsunamis
80. How many high tides and low tides do most locations in the ocean have daily?
Four in total (2 high and 2 low tides)
81. What are the tides called when higher high tides occur and lower low tides occur?
Spring Tides
82. What kinds of tides occur when the difference between the levels of high tides and the low tides at a specific location are small?
Neap tides
83. Be able to label and describe the Ocean floor: abyssal plain, continental slope, continental rise, continental shelf, trench, magma, volcanic island,
and mid-ocean
84. Know the anatomy of a fish.
External anatomy of a fish
Internal anatomy of a fish
85. Name one marine science career, and give a brief description about it.
Answers will vary. Coast guard, marine biologist, etc.
86. Know the properties of water.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
High surface tension
Universal solvent
High Boiling point
Low freezing point
Neutral substance, etc
87. Know the marine biome and oceanic food chains. Be able to create a diagram of a oceanic food chain.
88. What is aquaculture? Give examples
The farming of varies species found in our oceans and bodies of waters such as lakes and rivers.
89. Why is aquaculture so important to us? Give reasons for your answer.
Answers will vary
It affects us economically (conservation of our fisheries)
It impacts us environmentally by sustaining the wild stocks in our oceans and bodies of water.
90. What conditions must be monitored when being involved in aquaculture?
The population of small fish used to produce the food for these farmed fish. The environmental and biological impacts these species may have on our wild
stocks and waters.
91. What are invasive species, give examples and what can be done to reduce the problem?
Invasive species are non-native species that have been introduced to our waters. They are nonnative plants and animals that harm or endanger native
plants and animals or other aspects of biodiversity; such as, preying on native species to extinction.
92. What does DFO stand for?
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
93. Name two advantages and two disadvantages of fish farming? Answers will vary:
1. Able to harvest larger fish for consumption and consumer reasons
2. Conservation of wild stock such as salmon
1. Pens carry a lot of bacteria and infections that can be passed on to our wild stock
2. Pollution
3. Takes a lot more smaller fish to produce fewer larger fish (uses more than it produces)
94. What are two species we farm here in Nova Scotia?
Answers will vary: Salmon and Mussels
95. Be able to define the following terms: Earthquakes, Lithosphere, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, The Mantle, Continental Shelf, Subduction, Abyssal plains,
Core, Marianna trench, Photosynthesis, Herbivores, Scavengers, Nekton. Zoo plankton, Parasitism, Omnivores, The tropics, Benthos, and
Mutualism.
Eartyhquake: An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor, or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic
waves.
Lithosphere: The rigid, mechanically strong, outer layer of the Earth; divided into twelve major plates.
Mid-Atlantic ridge: is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and the longest mountain range in
the world.
Mantle: the layer of the earth between the crust and the core
Contiental shelf: The area of sea around a land mass where the depth gradually increases before it plunges into the ocean deeps
Subduction: subduction is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate, sinking
into the Earth's crust, as the plates converge.
Abyssal plains: a large expanse of very flat and smooth ocean floor, usually found at depths of 4,600 to 5,500 meters (15,000 to 18,000 feet)
Core: The inner core is composed of nickel and iron under such great temperatures and pressures that the metals are in a solid state of motion. Outer core:
The layer located directly under the mantle. The outer core is composed of liquid nickel and iron. Scientists believe that the outer core is liquid because S
waves from an earthquake bounce of the layer instead of passing through it.
Marianna Trench: is the deepest known part of the world's oceans, and the lowest elevation of the surface of the Earth's crust.
Photosynthesis: uses sunlight to generate food.
Herbivores: organisms that eat only plants.
Scavengers: organisms that eat dead matter.
Nekton: A generic term for organisms in the ocean that are capable of swimming independently of currents
Zooplankton: Microscopic aquatic organisms, including larvae, which are the first consumers in a marine food chain.
Parasitism: Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense
of the host
Omnivores: organisms that eat both plants and animals.
The tropics: The parallels of latitude about 23.5 degrees North or South of the Equator.
Benthos: organisms (plants and animals) that live at or near the bottom of a sea
Mutualism: Both organisms living off of each other where both organisms benefit.