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Body Systems Test Review-KEY
1. List the levels of organization in the body from the most complex to simplest.
Body(organism), organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles
2. How does a feedback loop help your body maintain homeostasis?
Feedback loops help maintain homeostasis by allowing the organism to respond to changes in its environment. Negative
feedback mechanisms change the variable back to its original state or “ideal value”. A positive feedback mechanism is the
exact opposite of a negative feedback mechanism. With negative feedback, the output reduces the original effect of the
stimulus. In a positive feedback system, the output enhances the original stimulus.
Give an example for each type of feedback.
Positive: A good example of a positive feedback system is child birth. During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released
that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle
goes on until the baby is born. The birth ends the release of oxytocin.
Negative: The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism.
When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change. In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into
the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing
insulin.
3. Fill in the chart with only 1 function and 3 main structures or cells for each system. You also need to know
what the structures/organs look like.
System
Endocrine
Function
Main Structure
Regulate body functions to maintain
homeostasis
Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal),
pancreas
Barrier and protection
Skin, hair, nails
Skeletal
Provide support and structure
Bones, joints, cartilage
Muscular
Provide movement and form
Muscles, tendons, ligaments
Nervous
Internal communication
Brain, nerves, spinal cord
Transportation of substances such as,
food, waste, gasses and hormones
throughout body
Supply the blood with oxygen and
remove carbon dioxide from blood
Heart, veins/arteries/capillaries, blood
Digestive
Break down food particles and nutrient
absorption
Stomach, intestines, esophagus, liver
Excretory
Remove waste from the body
Kidneys, intestines, bladder
Integumentary
Circulatory
Respiratory
Lungs, diaphragm, trachea
Immune/Lymphatic
Reproductive
Defense against foreign organisms
Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Create offspring and pass on copies of
genetic material
Sperm, eggs, male/female reproductive
structures
4. Identify the system each organ belongs to and their main function in that system.



Kidney: excretory- kidneys is to remove waste and extra fluid from the blood and combine it with water and other
substances to make urine
Heart: circulatory- pumping blood throughout our body.
Thyroid gland: endocrine- regulate the body's metabolism

Esophagus: Digestive-to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

Hypothalamus: endocrine/nervous- responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary
gland

Liver: digestive- detoxifying of harmful chemicals, breakdown of drugs, filtering of blood, secretion of bile and
production of blood-clotting proteins.

Adrenal Gland: endocrine- help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and
blood; “fight-or-flight” response to stress

Spleen: Lymphatic-act as a filter for your blood. It recognizes and removes old, malformed, or damaged red blood cells

Actin filament: Muscular-

Bone Marrow: circulatory/lymphatic-where blood cells are produced

Epidermis (epithelial cell): integumentary-Provides barrier protection between the inside of the body and the external
causes muscle contractions
environment
5. Compare and contrast the Nervous and Endocrine system.
Both the nervous and the endocrine systems have roles in control and communication. Both systems also include the
hypothalamus which is part of the brain. In the nervous system the speed of the transmission is relatively fast, as the message
only needs to be transmitted across minor synaptic distances. However, in the endocrine system the speed of hormonal signals
are generally slower. This is because the message is usually transmitted over long distances and the hormone needs to find its
appropriate receptor to bind and initiate a response. In the nervous system the duration of the response is relatively short.
Once a neural impulse has been sent the neurotransmitter at the synapse has been inactivated relatively quickly and nothing
further happens once the signal is transmitted. In contrast, in the endocrine system, hormones are typically longer sustaining
responses. This is because hormones continue to circulate the blood once they have been secreted and the time to inactivate
the response through being metabolized by the body is highly variable. In the nervous system the signaling molecules used are
neurotransmitters, on the other hand the endocrine system utilizes hormones.
6.
Describe the body system interactions occurring while you chew your food.
When you put food in your mouth, you make the decision to chew, and your brain (nervous system) sends signals along nerves
to tell the muscles in your jaw to chew. Your muscular system opens and closes your jaw as you chew and your tongue moves
food around so that it can be broken down mechanically by your teeth (part of the skeletal system). Saliva is produced in
glands( endocrine located in your mouth. Saliva in your mouth starts to break down the food.
7. List the body systems involved in the following functions. Explain HOW those systems interact to perform a particular
function. (Hint: Each will have SEVERAL systems involved)

Transport: circulatory- blood carries nutrients, hormones, oxygen and other materials throughout the body
Muscular- the heart is a muscle which pumps blood throughout the body
Respiratory- provides oxygen needed to fuel cellular processes required for transport such as your heart contracting
to pump blood
Digestive- provides glucose and nutrients needed to fuel cellular processes required for transport such as your heart
contracting to pump blood

Nutrient Absorption: digestive- breaks food particles down so that they can be absorbed into the blood stream and
delivered to all parts of the body.
Endocrine- glands produce digestive enzymes
Circulatory- absorbs nutrients as they are broken down by the digestive system; provides oxygen and other
nutrients needed by the muscles of the digestive system
Muscular-used to mechanically break down food and deliver it to the stomach and intestines

Reproduction: reproductive- sex cells must be produced to dived and pass on copies of DNA
Endocrine- hormones to trigger responses (labor/childbirth) and cycles (menstruation/ovulation)
Circulatory system- provides nourishment and oxygen for the embryo as it develops within its mother; also removes
all waste for the embryo
Respiratory- provides oxygen needed to fuel cellular processes in the developing embryo
Muscular- childbirth
Digestive- provides glucose and nutrients needed to fuel cellular processes required by the developing embryo

Regulation: nervous- Communication and control for all body systems to respond to stimuli
Endocrine- Hormones to help regulate body functions and cycles (insulin-blood sugar, adrenaline- fight or flight)
Integumentary- helps regulate body temperature
Circulatory- helps maintain stable body temperature
Muscular-body temperature regulation

Defense: integumentary- protects boy from microbe penetration
Circulatory- transports white blood cells throughout body
Immune- fights infections and responds to foreign microbes in body
8. What systems are interacting in each of the following examples?
 A virus just invaded your body and is now attacking your throat and lungs causing you to have a stuffy nose.
Respiratory and immune systems

You fill your lungs with air.
Respiratory, circulatory, muscular