Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Key Concepts Sheet – Final Exam AP Biology FOCUS Chapter 18, Chapter 19 - Gene Expression and Viruses Viral structure (genome, capsid, envelope) Viral reproduction (lytic, lysogenic) Retrovirus (ex. HIV – DNA from RNA, Reverse transcriptase) Emergent viruses mutation, species-species, small isolated Viroid and prions Plasmids, transposons Bacterial recombination (“sexual” reproduction) Transformation, transduction, conjugation - influence of mutation if reproducing asexually Operons - controls gene expression in bacteria Trp – repressible Lac – inducible - Both show negative control - Positive control w/ cAMP determining level of transcription -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 20 – DNA Tools and Biotechnology DNA – plasmid-bacteria; ampR and tetR with plasmids what kind of medium will the cells grow on… Cloning vector and steps of the cloning process Gel electrophoresis – short vs. long pieces; how will it look when you cut DNA samples and run them? PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction (know full name); makes copies of a targeted piece of DNA Restriction enzymes/sticky and blunt ends DNA ligase cDNA/introns/exons why can’t prokaryotes express eukaryotic genes directly? Reverse transcriptase Specialization Morphology Differentiation Totipotent Pattern formation Apoptosis Pesticide resistance (genetic engineering) Stem cells -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chapter 22, Chapter 23, Chapter 24, Chapter 26 – Evolution Taxonomy – levels (KPCOFGS), interpreting dichotomous charts, finding common ancestors Theories pre-Lyell/Darwin Lamarck, Malthus Natural Selection/ Evolution Homology vs. Analogy Universality of genetic code Basis for evolutionary relationships Evolution as population change over time (what is a gene pool? What is the smallest unit that can evolve?) Antibiotic/ Pesticide Resistance Embryonic connections (present in embryo indicate descent) Darwinian Fitness Hardy-Weinberg theory, problems, 5 assumptions (p + q = 1.0 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0) Recessive (fatal – carried by heterozygotes!) AND heterozygote advantage Population genetics – (mutation, bottleneck, founder, natural selection, recombination, random mating, diploidy, genetic drift) Note: natural selection is NOT random, many other factors ARE random (and due to chance) Reproductive barriers – pre and post-zygotic Allopatric and sympatric speciation Speciation (viable fertile offspring) anagenesis vs. cladogenesis Punctuated equilibrium Mass extinction and influence on diversity Directional/ Diversifying/ Stabilizing Selection Biological Species Concept ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chapter 25, Chapter 27 - Early Earth and Prokaryotes Early vs. modern atmosphere (reducing/oxidizing) RNA to DNA as genetic material why the switch? Monomer polymer protobionts Miller experiment Kingdoms Domains Prokaryote vs. human why are prokaryotes more successful? Role of prokaryotes (decomposition (PRIMARY JOB!), nitrogen fixation, bioremediation) Genetic variation via mutation Binary fission/ conjugation/transformation/transduction Photoautotroph/chemoautotroph Structure: endospore, cell wall, genophore, capsule ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------Chapter 29, Chapter 30, Chapter 35, Chapter 36, Chapter 38, Chapter 39 – Botany 4 main groups of land plants and their CHARACTERISTICS Seeds (survival) and success of angiosperms Adaptation for terrestrial life Closest relative to land plants Fertilization vs. pollination Double fertilization 4 Parts of a flower Fruits/Seeds what do they develop from? Plant life cycle – alternation of generations (gametophyte to sporophyte/ mitosis vs. meiosis/ gametes/ spores) KNOW PIC! Sporophyte vs. Gametophyte Male and female gametophyte Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma Xylem – description, transport, wood Water loss (preventing, transpiration, etc) Phloem – source-sink transport (examples of sources vs. examples of sinks) Water Potential (solutes/ pressure/ high to low) Primary Meristems Hormones & Functions (auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid) Phototropism WHY do plants grow towards light? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------Chapter 40, Chapter 41, Chapter 42, Chapter 43, Chapter 45, Chapter 48, Chapter 49 – Body Systems Levels of organization Types of tissue include types of connective tissue Muscle types (three) and characteristics; actin/myosin Homeostasis Positive and negative feedback Essential Nutrients Hydrolysis (requires enzymes) and Absorption 4 main parts of food processing General function: stomach, small intestine, large intestine Peristalsis Heart structure and blood flow KNOW the order or blood flow Blood pressure (systole, diastole and location of highest and lowest pressure in cardiac circuit) Cardio disorders: hypertension, heart murmur, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis Non-Specific Defenses – what are some examples? (macrophages, etc) Inflammatory response – triggered by histamine Immune system (specific, cell mediated vs. humoral, B vs. T cells, response to antigen) Active vs. passive immunity Primary vs. Secondary response Role of Histamine Antibodies (function and structure); Antigen (SPECIFIC IMMUNITY ONLY!); epitope MHC Hormones and control of homeostasis (negative feedback) Endocrine glands (name, basic function) PTH – Parathyroid Hormone Antagonists (insulin/glucagon) function of each Endocrine-nervous relationship structurally/ chemically Input/integration/output result if there was no integration center? Action Potentials (Hyperpolarization, Depolarization, Gated channels, Na+, K+) KNOW THE PIC! Neurotransmitters – function/ role of receptors Nervous system – parasympathetic vs. sympathetic Brain Parts – functions of cerebellum, medulla, cerebrum, hypothalamus Stem Cells – What are they and where are they found? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------Chapters 51 – 56 Ecology Levels of organization Birth and death rates and population growth (be able to calculate) Mutualism/commensalism/predation/competition Carrying capacity K- selection and r- selection J and S population growth curves Biotic vs. Abiotic Survivorship Curves Habituation Imprinting Competitive Exclusion Principle (niche) Mullerian & Batesian mimicry Food web interpretation (producer, consumer, decomposer) Trophic level Keystone species Primary and Secondary succession Effects of a fire on a community Human populations R or K selection? Type I, II, or III survivorship curves?