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The Human Anatomy Book
Table of Contents
Assessments
Levels of Organization & Tissues
Overview of Body Systems
Interactions of Body Systems
Immune System and Vaccines
Skeletal System
Muscular and Integumentary Systems
Circulatory System
Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems
Digestive and Excretory Systems
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Page 1-2
Page 2
Page 3
Pages 4--6
Pages 7-8
Pages 9-10
Pages 11-12
Page 13
Pages 14-15
Pages 16-18
Pages 1-4: Levels of Org, Overview, Interactions, & Immune
Vocab Quizzes
Pig and Rat Practical
Skeletal, Muscular, & Integumentary Systems
Circulatory, Lymphatic, & Respiratory
Digestive & Excretory
Levels of Organization
_________________________________________________________________
__________________: smallest unit of structure and function in living things.
__________________: a group of similar cells working together.
__________________: a group of different tissues working together to do a specific job.
__________________: a group of different organs working together to do a specific job.
__________________: a living thing that carries out its own life activities.
BODY TISSUE
Epithelial
(fast growth for
quick replacement)
Connective
FUNCTIONS
coverings-- ___________
linings--___________ nutrients & oxygen
glands-- __________sweat & hormones
Supports the body
Connects parts
Nervous
Communicates information throughout the body
using _________ ___________
Muscle
Movement (___________)
LOCATION / EXAMPLE
Overview of the Body Systems
System
Functions
Skeletal
Movement, protects internal organs,
gives shape / support. Stores mineral &
produces red blood cells
Muscular
Integumentary
Responsible for voluntary movement
(ex. Jumping) and involuntary
movements (ex. Heartbeat)
(skin) is protective barrier against water
loss, infection, controls body
temperature, gathers stimuli from
environment
Circulatory
Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
and carries wastes away from cells.
Respiratory
Moves oxygen into blood and moves
carbon dioxide out of blood
Immune
/ Lymphatic
Protects body from infection (invasion of
a disease causing agent)
Major Organs
Bones, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons
Osteoporosis,
Scloliosis,
ArthritisBursitis/Tendini
tis
Skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac muscle
Muscular Dystrophy
Tetanus
Skin, hair, nails, sweat,
and oil glands
Acne, eczema
Psoriasis, melanoma
Warts
Heart, blood vessels(arteries, veins &
capillaries) & blood
Heart Attack, Stroke
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
High Blood Pressure
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
alveoli
White blood cells, lymph
nodes
(T- cells are white blood
cells that is attacked by
HIV)
Detects changes outside and inside
your body and controls the way your
body responds to changes.
Brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nerves
Endocrine
Produces chemicals messengers called
hormones, which some maintain
homeostasis, while others control
growth and development
glands: pituitary, thyroid,
pancreas, thyroid,
ovaries, testes
Excretory
Filters blood removing wastes from the
body; maintains homeostasis (water and
salt balance in blood)
Digestive
Digests (breaks down) food and
absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
Nervous
Reproductive
Produces gametes for survival of
species. Also produces hormones that
control secondary sexual characteristics
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
Diseases
Kidneys, bladder,
ureters, urethra, skin &
lungs
Mouth, pharynx,
stomach, intestine, Liver,
pancreas, gall bladder
Testes
Ovaries
Athma, Emphysema
Cystic fibrosis
Cancers: (Leukemia &
Lymphomia )
Allergy & HIV / AIDS
Epilepsy, Migranes
Multiple Sclorosis
Parkenson's disease
Alzheimer's
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes
Pituitary
Dwarfism/Giantism
Kidney stones
Ulcers, Acid reflux
Crones disease
Cirrhosis
STD's
Cancers:
(Breast, Ovarian,
Prostate)
2
Interactions of the Body Systems
Digestive
Nervous
Skeletal
Endocrine
Reproductive
Integumentary
Circulatory
Respiratory
Muscular
Blood carries digested
nutrients to body cells
The brain stem controls the
heart rate
Bone marrow produces blood
cells
The pharynx serves as a
passageway for both air and food.
The brain stem regulates
breathing.
The rib cage expands to help
move air into the lungs.
Blood carries hormones
throughout the body
Hormones can contribute to
asthma attacks
Muscles churn the stomach;
aids in digestion
Signals travel down the spinal
cord to the muscles
The contraction and relaxation
of skeletal muscles move
bones
Hormones cause males to put
on more muscle mass during
puberty
Nutrients diffuse through the
placenta and are carried to the
embryo through blood vessels
in the umbilical cord
Platelets in the blood help
close small cuts in the skin
Breathing rate increases to
provide extra oxygen needed
during labor
Muscle contractions in the
uterus push the fetus out during
labor
Cells lining the nostrils produce
mucus that keeps the nearby
tissue from drying out
Mucus lining the respiratory
passages helps trap pathogens
Muscles raise the hair on the
arms and legs to help retain
heat
Sneezing involves involuntary
muscle contractions
The respiratory system removes
carbon dioxide gas (waste) from
the body
Contraction of the diaphragm
helps move air into the lungs
Muscle contractions are
involved in emptying the urinary
bladder
Immune
White blood cells attack
pathogens such a bacteria and
viruses
Excretory
Waste products are filters from
the blood by the kidneys
Muscular
The heart is largely composed
of muscle tissue
Oxygen moves from the lungs
to the blood, and carbon
dioxide moves from the blood
to the lungs
Respiratory
Breathing rate increases during
exercise to help meet the
increased oxygen demand by
skeletal muscles
Indicate the correct set of body systems that are interacting together.
1. The two body systems that are involved when the vertebrae protect the spinal cord. _______________________________
2. Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. __________________________________________
3. The bladder sends sensory information to the brain. _______________________________________________________
4. The two body systems are most useful in getting nutrients from the food you eat to your brain _______________________
5. The three body systems that help you swing a tennis racket. _________________________________________________
6. The digestive system sends signals to the brain when the stomach is full. _______________________________________
7. Which two body systems interact when CO2 gas is removed from the body by the lungs? __________________________
8. Which two systems allow the pupil in your eye to dilate in a dark movie theater? _________________________________
9. Solid waste is filtered out from food and eliminated from the body. ____________________________________________
http://www.projectsharetexas.org/resource/interactions-body-systems-defense-illness
The Immune System
Vocabulary:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Disease- a condition in which the body does not function normally.
Infectious disease: disease caused by the__________________________________________________________
Epidemic- A local outbreak of a disease concentrated in one area.
Pandemic-A worldwide outbreak of a disease
Pathogen- ____________________________________________________________________________________
 Examples of pathogens include: ________________________________________________________________
 Is cancer a disease? Is cancer an infectious disease? Explain. ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Function of the Immune System
1. The immune system is a defense system against _____________________________________________________
2. Immune system consists of a variety of different types of white blood cells (WBC’s)
 Where are most of the white blood cells found in the body? Why is this a good place for them? _____________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
The Skin: The First Line of Defense ________________________
1. The skin is the most important first line of defense
2. Outer epidermis is dead cells; prevents pathogens from entering

Sweat & tears have enzymes that prevent bacterial growth

Mucus that lines the nose, throat, & lungs traps pathogens

Pathogens and mucus are swept into stomach where
stomach acids destroy them
3. Why is it important to keep the skin clean and free from cuts?
Inflammatory Response: The Second Line of Defense: ____________________________________________
1. Nonspecific response to a localized infection.
2. Injured or infected cells cause blood vessels to enlarge so they can leak fluid & WBC’s
 skin appears red at injury site
 swelling occurs around infection
 Macrophages (large WBC’s are first to arrive)
 Nonspecific: treat all pathogens the same; Consume (eat) dead cells & pathogens
 Fever kills pathogens
Vocabulary
1. Immunity: capacity of the human body to resist specific pathogens by identifying foreign (non-self) antigens
2. Antigen: anything that causes an immune response
3. Lymphocytes: WBC’s involved in immunity and the immune response Helper T cells, B cells, & Killer T cells
 are specific; seek out & destroy specific pathogens
4. Immune Response: specific response to an infection that has spread through body triggered by the presence of
antigens/pathogen
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
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Immune Response: The Third and Final Line of Defense _______________________________________
Macrophages ingest pathogen; send out chemical signal to call Helper T cells to the site of infection
By the time Helper T cells arrive, macrophages have incorporated pathogen’s antigens onto its own cell membrane
Helper T cell attaches to antigens on macrophage & develops new binding site that recognizes foreign antigens
Helper T cell passes information to two different attack cells: B cells & Killer T cells
Killer T Cells: have Direct Contact with Antigens
1.
2.
3.
4.
Killer T cells come into direct contact w/ a cell; pierces hole in cell wall
Water moves into the cell & the cell swells & bursts open (lysis)
Killer T cells produced at same time as B cells
Killer T cells destroy protists, virus infected cells, & cancer cells
B Cells Produce Antibodies
1. B cells release antibodies
2. Millions of B cells are cloned & millions of antibodies are released into blood when
fighting infection
3. Antibody: Y shaped protein that “tags” an antigen for destruction
4. Antibodies also bind to virus & bacterial toxins & neutralizes them
Active verses Passive Immunity
1. Passive Immunity is acquired when antibodies to the antigen are injected into the
body. They do not last. (Ex. Breast milk)
2. Active immunity is produced when the body creates its own antibodies after being
exposed to an antigen.
 Acquired through vaccinations
 Acquired through infection of pathogen.
 Antibodies are constantly produced by memory cells created when the
body was first infected.
The Immune System Disorders / Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
Allergy: a disorder in which the immune system overreacts to the presence of a harmless antigen such as pollen.
Autoimmune disease: is one in which the immune system attacks its own body cells. Ex. M.S. and Arthritis
Rejection of organ transplants (cells are foreign).
Cancer cells are naturally destroyed by the body; however, when the body fails to recognize them they spread causing
tumors.
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
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How Vaccines Prevent Disease
How Vaccines Prevent Diseases
The diseases that vaccines prevent (measles, mumps, polio,
etc) can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines reduce the risk of
infection by working with the body's natural defenses to help it safely
develop immunity to disease.
When germs, such as bacteria or viruses, invade the body,
they attack and multiply. This invasion is called an infection, and the
infection is what causes illness. The immune system then has to fight
the infection. Once it fights off the infection, the body is left with a supply
of cells that help recognize and fight that disease in the future.
Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection, but
this "imitation" infection does not cause illness. It does, however, cause
the immune system to develop the same response as it does to a real
infection so the body can recognize and fight the vaccine-preventable
disease in the future. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation
infection can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. Such minor
symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds
immunity.
The major ingredient of a vaccine is the anitgen that would
normally make a person sick. For example, the measles vaccine
contains the measles virus. However, the anitgen used in the vaccine
has either been killed or weakened to the point that it cannot make a
person sick. Some vaccines only contain the part of the antigen that the
immune system would need to recognize to produce the antibodies.
1. Describe the contents of a vaccine. _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which body system is most directly affected by a vaccination? Explain. ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how a vaccination results in the long-term ability of the body to resist disease. ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Can vaccines be given to help prevent genetic diseases (disorders)? Explain. ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Give two infectious diseases for which vaccines are not currently available. ________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. You friend claims that every time they get a flu vaccine (flu shot), they catch the flu. Explain how this reasoning is
incorrect and what is really happening. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
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The Skeletal System
Label the Parts of the Bone
The 5 Main Functions of the Skeletal System
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
Structure and Function of Bone
Structure
Description / Function
Compact
bone
Spongy bone
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Ligament
Tendon
Bone Development: p. 924-925
How do Bones Develop?
What are osteocytes?
How many bones are the
human body?
Bone formation begins during the eight week of an embryo’s development in the process
called osteogenesis. Most of the bones of the body begin as cartilage which is gradually
replaced by bone tissue in the process called ossification. Ossification continues throughout
life.
Osteocytes are bone cells (osteo- = bone; -cyto = cell). Osteocytes maintain bone by
exchanging nutrients and wastes between blood and bone tissue.
A baby is born with about 300 bones, but you only have 206. Some bones fuse together as
the individual grows.
Skeletal System Disorders: p. 925
What is arthritis?
What causes osteoporosis?
How can osteoporosis be
avoided?
Arthritis is inflammation of the joints (the points where bones meet) in one or more areas of
the body.
Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old
bone. Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even
mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.
Keep your bones healthy by consuming an Adequate amounts of calcium, Adequate
amounts of vitamin D, and Regular weight bearing exercise
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
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Types of Joints & Their Movements
1. Immovable (fixed) joint
a. Ball-and-Socket
• movement:________________________
• movement:_______________________
• ex.__________________________
• ex.___________________________
2. Freely Moveable joint
b. Hinge
• movement: wide range of movement
• movement:_____________________
• ex.________________________
• ex. bone ends covered in cartilage
3. Slightly Movable joint
c. Gliding
• movement:_______________________
• movement:___________________________
• ex.__________________________
• ex: ___________________________
A
Bone Labeling
B
K
C
Q
D
E
X
L
R
M
N
Y
S
Z
T
U
V
F
O
H
I
P
J
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
____________________
___________________
W
J. ___________________
K. ___________________
L. ___________________
M. ___________________
N. ___________________
O. ___________________
P. ___________________
Q. ___________________
R. ___________________
S. ___________________
T. ___________________
U. ___________________
V. ___________________
W. ___________________
X. ___________________
Y. ___________________
Z. ___________________
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
What bones make up the appendicular
skeleton?
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
8
Muscular System
The main function of the muscular system is movement. The nervous system works with the muscular system to
help control movement. Muscles are the only tissue in the body that has the ability to contract and therefore move the other
parts of the body.
Related to the function of movement is the muscular system’s second function: the maintenance of posture and
body position. Muscles often contract to hold the body still or in a particular position rather than to cause movement. The
muscles responsible for the body’s posture have the greatest endurance of all muscles in the body—they hold up the body
throughout the day without becoming tired.
Another function related to movement is the movement of substances inside the body. The cardiac and smooth
muscles are primarily responsible for transporting substances like blood or food from one part of the body to another.
The final function of muscle tissue is the generation of body heat. As a result of the high metabolic rate of
contracting muscle, our muscular system produces a great deal of waste heat. Many small muscle contractions within the
body produce our natural body heat. When we exert ourselves more than normal, the extra muscle contractions lead to a rise
in body temperature and eventually to sweating.
1. List 4 functions of the human muscular system. _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Which body system works with the muscular system to help control movement? _______________________________
Three Types of Muscles:
Skeletal muscle cells are voluntary, striated muscle cells that control body movements. These are the muscles that people
are generally most familiar with because many of them are visible and we actively control them all the time in our everyday
lives. An interesting feature of skeletal muscle is that each skeletal muscle cell contains lots of nuclei. This is because each
mature skeletal muscle cell is actually formed from lots of immature muscle cells that fuse together to form one large cell.
Cardiac muscle cells are involuntary muscle cells that make up the heart. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and a
key difference between cardiac muscle and other muscle types is that cardiac muscle cells pass electrical signals to each
other. In this way, when one cardiac muscle cell gets a signal to contract, it passes that signal along to all its neighbors. The
electrical signal is quickly passed to all of the muscle cells of the heart chamber and they contract in unison.
Smooth muscle cells are involuntary muscle cells that are found throughout the body, except for the heart. Unlike cardiac
and skeletal muscle, smooth muscle does not have visible stripes, or striations, when viewed under a microscope. This is
actually the reason why it's called smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is found in many places throughout the body like blood
vessel walls, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine and the bladder.
1. Which type of muscle contains many nuclei in each cell? Why? ___________________________________________
2. Which type of muscle lines the digestive tract, blood vessels, and stomach? _________________________________
3. Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? _______________________________________________________
4. What kind of muscle makes up the heart? _____________________________________________________________
5. Which two types of muscle are under involuntary control? _________________________________________________
6. Which type of muscle passes electrical signals to each other? _____________________________________________
7. Which type of muscle is attached to the bones? ________________________________________________________
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
9
The Integumentary System
The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is
only a few millimeters thick yet is by far the largest organ in the body. The average person’s skin weighs 10 pounds and has
a surface area of almost 20 square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from
chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nails extend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it
from environmental damage. The exocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect,
and moisturize the skin’s surface.
Being the body’s outermost organ, the skin is able to regulate the body’s temperature by controlling how the body
interacts with its environment. When the body is overheated, the skin is able to reduce body temperature through sweating
. and vasodilation. Sweat produced by sweat glands delivers water to the surface of the body where it begins to evaporate.
The evaporation of sweat absorbs heat and cools the body’s surface. Thus, the skin plays a very important role in helping
the body maintain homeostasis.
Vitamin D, an essential vitamin necessary for the absorption of calcium from food, is produced by ultraviolet (UV)
light striking the skin. This occurs within the lower epidermis or outer layer of skin.
The epidermis contains melanocytes which the pigment called melanin. Melanin absorbs UV light before it can
pass through the skin. UV light can cause cells to become cancerous if not blocked from entering the body.
1. List four (4) functions of the integumentary system. ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the function of vitamin D? ___________________________________________________________________
The dermis is the deep layer of the skin found under the
epidermis. The dermis is mostly made of dense irregular connective
tissue along with nervous tissue, blood, and blood vessels. The
dermis is much thicker than the epidermis and gives the skin its
strength and elasticity.
Hair helps to protect the body from UV radiation by
preventing sunlight from striking the skin. Hair also insulates the
body by trapping warm air around the skin.
Fingernails and toenails reinforce and protect the end of
the fingers and toes and are used for scraping and manipulating
small objects.
The Skin
blood
vessels
muscle
sweat
gland
fat
nerve
oil gland
hair
follicle
3. Label the dermis and epidermis on the skin diagram.
4. Why should a person with little or no hair on their head wear a hat while out in the sun? _________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the function of nails? _______________________________________________________________________
The ABCD of Skin Cancer
1. Asymmetry_______________________________________________
2.
3.
Borders _________________________________________________
Color ___________________________________________________
4.
Diameter ________________________________________________
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
10
Circulatory System
The 4 Main Functions of the Circulatory System
1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Parts of the Blood
Part
Function
Plasma
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets
Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel
Artery
Function
Vein
Capillary
Lymphatic Vessel
Part
Major Heart Parts
Function
Heart
Pericardium
Septum
Atria (Atrium)
Ventricle(s)
Pacemaker
How the Heart Works: Pulmonary Circulation
1. Transports O2 poor blood to ___________ and O2 rich blood back to the ___________
2. Blood travels from ____________ side of ____________ to ____________
3. Blood picks up ____________ & releases ______________in lungs
4. ___________ rich blood returned to ____________ side of _____________
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
11
How the Heart Works: Systemic Circulation
1. O2 rich blood exits __________ __________ & enters _____________
2. O2 rich blood travels through ____________ then _______________
3. O2 ______________ out of capillaries & into cells; blood picks up ____________ & other ____________
4. ____________ return O2 poor blood to ____________ side of heart (right ___________)
Pathway of Blood Flow Through the Heart
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5
__________________________
6. __________________________
7. __________________________
8. __________________________
9. __________________________
10. __________________________
11. __________________________
12. __________________________
13. __________________________
Circulatory System Diseases
1. Leukemia: bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes) . At first, leukemia cells function normally. In
time, there are too many & they crowd out normal WBCs, RBCs & platelets.
2. Hemophilia: an inherited disorder. Afflicted persons cannot produce clotting factors, which causes people w/ hemophilia
to bleed for longer periods of time than people whose produce clotting factors. The main problem w/ hemophilia is internal
bleeding, mainly into ___________ &______________.
Diseases and Conditions
1. Atherosclerosis: when __________ deposits called __________ build up on the inner walls of the arteries.
2, Arteriosclerosis: ____________ or ______________ of the artery walls.
3. Stroke: when blood ___________ break free and get ____________in the blood vessels leading to the brain.
Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure measures the force pushing outwards on your arterial walls.
Systolic Pressure
The top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries
when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).
The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the
arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with
blood).
Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg (systolic pressure is 120 AND diastolic pressure
is less than 80).
Diastolic Pressure
What the values mean
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
12
Lymphatic System
3 MAIN FUNCTIONS: _________________________________________
CH 37-2 Page 951-955
___________________________________________________________
PART
DESCRIPTION / FUNCTION
Label the diagram below with
the parts in the chart on the left.
Lymph
*Lymph
Vessel
*Lymph
Node
*Tonsils
*Spleen
*Thymus
Respiratory System
Main Function: _____________________________________
CH 37-3 p. 956 - 963
Part
Function
Label the parts of the respiratory
system!
Nose Mouth
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lung
Diaphragm
How does the respiratory system interact with the nervous system to control breathing? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
13
Digestive System
Main Function: to ___________________food into simpler molecules that can be
______________by the body.
1. Mechanical Digestion: ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Chemical Digestion: ____________________________________________________________________________
a. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Digestive System Organs (in the order that food travels)
Part
Function & Enzymes / Secretions Involved
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum
Other Organs Involved in Digestion:
1. ____________________ – organ which makes
digestive fluids and the hormone called insulin.
2. ____________________ – largest internal organ that
makes bile, which is a green liquid that digests fats;
stores excess glucose
3. ___________ – small sac that stores bile.
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
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Excretory System
Main Function: __________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Organs Involved:
Organ
Function
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
Bladder
Urethra
Other Organs of Excretion
Lungs
Skin
Control of Kidney Function
What is ADH?________________________________________________________________________
Actions of ADH as a Feedback Mechanism.
Brain
Tells pituitary that
amount of water in
blood is low.
Low amount of water in
blood and high amount of
urine produced.
Tells pituitary that
amount of water in
blood is high.
Pituitary Gland
Releases ADH into
bloodstream.
Stops releasing ADH
into bloodstream
High amount of water in
blood and low amount of
urine produced.
Kidneys
Reabsorb more
water.
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
Reabsorbs less
water.
15
The Nervous System
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________________________________
STRUCTURE:
Consists of nerve cells called _________. Neurons are specialized for transmitting electrical signals called nerve ________.
Main Parts of a Neuron:
Parts of a Typical Neuron
Cell Body:________________________________
dendrite
axon
muscle
tissue
_________________________________________
Dendrites:________________________________
_____________________________________ ___
Axon: ___________________________________
cell
body
_________________________________________
Myelin sheath: ____________________________
synapse
_________________________________________
Nodes: __________________________________
Axon terminals____________________________
TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON
_________________________________________
There are 3 Types of Neurons:
Nerves and Muscles
1. _______________neurons – sends
messages from the body to the brain
Nerves work together with muscles for
movement. An impulse begins when one neuron
is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense
organs. The impulse travels down the
_________________________________ to
___________________ in the spinal cord &
brain. The brain will then send an impulse
through ___________________________to the
necessary muscle or organ, telling it to contract.
2. _________________ – connect sensory
and motor neurons at the spinal cord
3. _________________neurons – sends
messages from the brain to the body
(muscles)
Interneuron
Muscle
Fibers
Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Pre AP Biology Human Anatomy Book 2014
16
DISORDER: Multiple Sclerosis is caused by destruction of large patches on the ______________ ____________of the
neuron. Small, hardened scars appear along the ________________ which interferes with the normal transmission of
impulses. Normal nerve function is _______________________, and symptoms such as double vision, muscular
_________________, loss of memory, and paralysis result.
Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System: CNS & PNS
1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the _________& _________ ______
Part to label
brain
Function
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
Oblongata
(brainstem)
Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Consists of the __________________________(eyes, ears, skin, tongue, and nose),
___________________, and all other _______________extending out from the spinal cord to the body parts.
Parts of the Spinal Cord
Parts of the Spinal Cord
1. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
a. cervical nerves: 8 pair_______________________________
__________________________________________________
b. thoracic nerves: 12 pair: _____________________________
___________________________________________________
c. lumbar nerves: 5 pair: ________________________________
___________________________________________________
d. sacral nerves: 5 pair: _________________________________
___________________________________________________
e. coccygeal nerve: 1 pair: ______________________________
______________________________________________________
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Endocrine System
1. Main function of the endocrine system is to release ______________ into the ______________which deliver
_______________ throughout the body. Basically it does what the ______________ system cannot.
2. Endocrine Gland- release _____________ into the blood stream
3. Hormone- ________________ that travel through the bloodstream and affect bodily___________________.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is located in the ______________ and controls the release of hormones from
the ________________ gland. It is an important link between the
Glands and the Hormones they Release
ENDOCRINE
GLAND
HORMONE
EXAMPLE
Pituitary Gland
ADA and Human
Growth Hormone
Pineal gland
Melantonin
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxin
Pancreas
Insulin
Adrenal Gland
Adrenaline
Ovary
Estrogen &
Progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
FUNCTION
DISORDERS
The brain and glands work together to maintain
homeostasis through a process called negative and
positive __________________.
The feedback the brain gets is from the information it
collects as the hypothalamus monitors the
bloodstream. Using this information, the brain knows
what hormones to start and stop releasing.
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