Download 4-2FollowAlongb - Garrity Science

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Date:
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4.2 Niches & Community Interactions
Tolerance
Tolerance- _______________________________________________ under a range of
environmental circumstances.
If temperature extends in either direction beyond an organism’s optimum range________________________________________________________________________
The organism must ________________________ to maintain homeostasis, and so
________________________________________________________________________
Organisms have an ____________________________________________ of tolerance
Beyond those limits, the organism _________________________________________.
A species’ tolerance for environmental conditions helps determine _____________________
Habitat: ____________________________________________________________________
Defining the Niche
Niche: ______________________________________________________________________
Resource can refer to any necessity of life:
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
For plants, resources can include ________________________________________________
For animals, resources can include _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Physical Aspects of the Niche
A niche involves ______________________________________________ required for survival
Most amphibians lose and absorb water through their skin, so _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
If an area is too hot and dry, or too cold for too long, _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Biological Aspects of the Niche
A niche involves ______________________________________________________________
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
Competition
Competition occurs when ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Competition - Rivalry
intraspecific competition: ______________________________________________
interspecific competition: ______________________________________________
competition- for resources such as ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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In a forest, for example, plant roots compete for resources such as ______________________
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
Direct competition between different species almost always produces ___________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Competitive Exclusion Principle: __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Natural communities rarely have niches that ________________________________________
Dividing Resources
Instead of competing for similar resources, _________________________________________
Three species of North American warblers live in the same trees and feed on insects.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Predator-Prey Relationships
Predation: ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Predators can
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Ex: Birds of prey can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles,
and other small mammals.
This graph shows an idealized computer model of changes in predator and prey populations
over time.
Herbivore-Plant Relationships
Herbivory: ____________________________________________________________________
Herbivores can affect ___________________________________________________________
Ex: Very dense populations of white-tailed deer are eliminating their favorite food plants from
many places across the United States.
Keystone Species
Keystone Species: _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
•A century ago, sea otters were nearly eliminated by hunting.
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•Without otters as predators, the sea urchin population skyrocketed.
•Urchins devoured kelp down to bare rock.
•Kelp _______________________________________________________________________
•Without kelp, many other animals disappeared.
•__________________________________________________________________________
Symbioses
Symbiosis: __________________________________________________________________
The three main classes of symbiotic relationships
________________________ ________________________ ________________________
Mutualism-___________________________
The sea anemone’s sting has two functions:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Certain fish still manage to snack on anemone tentacles.
The clownfish is immune to anemone stings.
Clownfish seek shelter from ______________________________________________________
Anemone benefits because _______________________________________________________
Parasitism-______________________________________________________
Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts’
food.
Fleas, ticks, lice, and the leech shown, live on the bodies of mammals and feed on their blood
and skin.
The parasite __________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Generally, parasites ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Commensalism-______________________________________________________
Barnacles often attach themselves to a whale’s skin.
They perform ______________________________________________________
The barnacles ___________________________ the constant movement of water—that is full
of food particles—past the swimming whale.