Download File - Mrs. G`s History Class

The Age of exploration
& conquest
The Spread of the West
1400-1700s
Europeans explore
the east ….
Reasons for Exploration:
•Renaissance encourages adventure and exploration
•Crusades created contact with ‘outside’ world
•Marco Polo’s excursion to China (1275)
•Expanded possibilities for Europeans
•Before this time did not have the means nor the will to explore
Reason’s for
Exploration
“To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness and to grow rich as
all men desire to do”
-Bartolomeu Diaz
NEW SOURCES OF
WEALTH
Renaissance increased the size of the middle class.
Europeans got a taste of spices and luxury goods (Asia)
• Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper
• Demand was greater than supply=expensive prices
The rest of Europe wanted a piece of the PROFIT
to cut out Italians and Muslims who controlled the land routes
The only option was to find a route by sea
Spread of
Christianity
Desire to spread Christianity also motivated
Europeans to Explore
Crusades created hostility between Christians
and Muslims
Europeans felt they had a sacred duty to fight and
convert non-Christians throughout the world
Improvements in
technology
• 1400s Caravel created
• Sturdier than older ships
• Can sail against the wind with triangular
sails from Muslims
Navigational Techniques
• Astrolabe (Muslims)
• Magnetic Compass (Chinese)
• Improved Maps
Portugal leads the
way
Prince Henry the Navigator
• Son of Portugal’s King & obsessed with
exploring
• Conquered Ceuta in N. Africa
• Witnessed wealth of other places
• Wanted to reach treasures in the East and
spread faith
• Never actually sailed but founded
navigational school
• Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders,
etc.
By 1460, Portugal has many trading posts in
Africa
• Springboard to further explorations
Portugal leads the
way
Reaching Asia
Bartolomeu Dias
• 1488 reached the Southern tip of Africa
• Proved that you could get around Africa by
sea
Vasco da Gama
• 1498 reached the port of Calicut in India
• Amazed by spices, rare silks and precious
gems
• Filled their ships and cargo worth 60X cost of
the voyage
• FOUND A DIRECT SEA ROUTE TO
INDIA
Spain Joins in
Christopher Columbus
• 1492 convinces Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to
finance his trip
• Reaches San Salvador and claims for Spain
The voyages of
columbus
Columbus got his money from Spain’s
monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella
• Sailed with three ships
• Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
• Arrive to ‘San Salvador’ October 12,
1492
• Result of near mutiny aboard his ships
• Mistakenly calls inhabitants los indios
• Columbus interested in gold and land
possessions
• When he returned people were
enthralled with his tale
• Funded for three more journeys and
became an empire builder.
Other explorers
1500: Pedro Alvares Cabral
• Brazil and claims for Portugal
1501: Amerigo Vespucci
• Claimed not part of Asia but a “new” world.
• 1507 German mapmaker named the new continent ‘America’
in honor of Vespucci
Spanish explorer Vasco Balboa
• Crossed Isthmus of Panama viewed Pacific Ocean
1519 Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
•
•
•
•
Circumnavigated the world
250 men, 5 ships
Died in Philippines, crew carried on back to Spain
Only 18 men and 1 ship returned home
Rivalry between
Portugal and Spain
Pope Alexander VI keeps peace
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Everything East=Portugal
• Everything West=Spain
• Why wasn’t the rest of Europe
involved in the initial discovery
of the west?
Trading empires in
the Indian ocean
Vasco da Gama’s trip opened up sea route to India
• Led to mad scramble and violence between European
powers and land’s inhabitants
Portugal establishes trading empire
• Removed Muslims from Spice trade (w/cannons)
• Establish fort at Hormuz (control Persian Gulf and
Arabian Sea)
• Find strategic points to take over to control spice trade
• Portuguese charged 1/5 the price of Arab and Italian
merchant. Why could they charge a cheaper price?
• The cheaper price allowed more people to
buy/experience spices and materials from the Far East
Other nations Join
in the fun
By 1600 Dutch owned 20,000 ships (largest in world)
English and Dutch challenged Portugal’s control and
then fought each other.
Both created East India Company (controls trade
throughout Asia)
Dutch win the land eventually
• Established trading headquarters on Java
• Seized Malacca from Portugal
• Amsterdam becomes commercial center
Mercantilism
The theory and system of political economy prevailing
in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on
national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing
colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry
and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.
• What does this mean????
Mercantilism
• Mercantilism=country’s power depends mainly on its
wealth
• Goal of every nation to become as rich as possible
• Countries increase wealth in two ways
• Obtain as much gold and silver as possible
• Establish favorable balance of trade
• Sold more goods than it bought
• Limit imports
• The goal is only be importing raw materials that cannot be
grown or found in home country
• Countries want to be self-sufficient
• Hip Hughes Video-
Mercantilism
Triangular Trade
• Slaves became part of a transatlantic trading network
known as the Triangular Trade.
Europe:
Transport manufactured goods to west coast of Africa
(guns, clothes, etc.)
Africa:
Slaves and gold to West Indies and Americas
Americas:
Raw materials to Europe
(sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton)
Consequences of
Slave Trade
• Africa
• Cultures lost generations of fittest and most able
members
• Families torn apart
• Introduced guns to the continent
• Americas
•
•
•
•
Contributed huge amount of labor
Experience in agriculture
Brought culture (art, music, religion, food)
Substantial populations of African-Americans
The Columbian
Exchange
• Columbian Exchange= the global transfer of foods,
plants, animals, ideas, technology, and disease during
the colonization of the Americas.
• Lots of new animals, and plants shifted throughout the
world, and expanded with trade.
Columbian Exchange
• Exchange from the Americas to Europe, Asia, Africa
• Most important crops corn and potatoes
• Inexpensive to grow and nutritious
• Both crops became important part of diet throughout
world.
• Helped people live longer
=significant role
in boosting world
population
Global Trade
• Colonial empires influenced Europe, besides just food
• New wealth and overseas trade has huge impact
• Creates new businesses and trade practices in Europe
• Capitalism=economic system based on private
ownership and the investment of resources for profit
• Individuals, not only government, have wealth
• Merchants, because of trade, become wealthy
• Increase in nation’s money supply
• Inflation
• (more money so the money is less valuable)
• Costs of good increases significantly
Joint-Stock
Companies
• Joint-Stock Companies= kind of like a modern day
corporation
•
•
•
•
Investors buy shares of stock in a company
All reap benefits of profits
Share risk of investment
1500-1600s Joint-Stock Companies for American
colonization
The truth about
Columbus
Columbus was not the first European to reach America.
Who was?
The meaning of Columbus’s voyage is highly contested. On the one
hand, it is witness to the tremendous vitality and verve of late
medieval and early modern Europe - which was on the verge of
acquiring a world hegemony. On the other hand, the direct result of
this and later voyages was the virtual extermination, by ill-treatment
and disease, of the vast majority of the Native inhabitants, and the
enormous growth of the transatlantic slave trade.
Crash Course History: The Columbus Exchange
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4
Conquering the
Aztecs and Incas
Hernan Cortez, 1519
• Montezuma, thinking Cortez a God, gives the Spanish
some gold
• Spanish not satisfied and wage war on the Aztecs
Francisco Pizzaro, 1532
• Kidnapped Incan ruler
• While protected by a force of about 30,000
• Inca paid ransom for the return of their leader
• Spanish strangled Incan king anyway
• Pizzaro captured Incan capital Cuzco from demoralized
Incans
Conquistador’s
success
The Conquistadors were so successful for
several reasons. Though they were
typically outnumbered, they had
several advantages on their side.
1. Superior weaponry
• Guns and cannons vs. bow and arrows
2. Enlisting help of smaller native groups
• Cortez found groups that didn’t approve
of Aztec sacrifices
3. Disease
• Measles, mumps, smallpox, etc.
Spain’s pattern of
conquest
Breeding the natives out
• Most peninsulares (settlers) were men and they
had relationships with native women
• = Mestizo (mixed Spanish and Native
Americans)
• Caste System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdxdXfDLaNs
Oppressed native peoples with Encomienda
• System where natives farmed, ranched or
mined for Spanish landlords.
• Landlords received rights to the natives’ labor
from Spanish authorities
• Worked laborers to death often, though they
promised to treat them well.
• Mines were especially dangerous
Bartolome de Las
Casas Article
1. Write down any vocabulary that is unfamiliar to you
2. Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?
3. Why did he come to the New World?
4. What were the two sides in the “debate” sponsored by the
King of Spain?
5. Analysis (1-2) paragraphs: Do you think that history could
have developed any differently? Could the old world and
new have collided peacefully? Use evidence to support
your opinion.
European Nations
settle N. America
Spain was very successful in the Americas
England, France, and Netherlands want to join in.
European countries ignore the Treaty of Tordesillas
Want to find a North West Passage to Pacific Ocean
• Shorter route to Asia= more profitable
• Never find route
• Establish colonies in N. America instead