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Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View A little review Earth centered system- Sun centered system – _______________________________ __________________________ Mars shows both _____________________________and _____________________________motion Ptolemaic system in trouble After 1400 years (late ______________ century) System began to seem clumsy Increasing levels of _______________________________to match _______________________________of better time keeping More and more _______________________________needed The historical context Columbus had explored the Americas Europe was emerging from the Dark Ages into the _______________________________ Modern calendar adopted in _______________________________ By the _____________________________… The ________________________________________had been in charge of Europe for about 1200 years Martin Luther had started the ________________________________________________ The Church’s power was under attack 1 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Astronomy and the Early Church Dates of holidays set by _______________________________and _______________________________ The calendar was wrong Date of vernal equinox was slipping _______________________________was coming at the wrong time Needed more precise determinations of dates Questions: What is a system that orbits the Earth? What is a system that orbits the Sun? In what direction do the planets usually move? In what direction does a planet move when it is in retrograde motion? Why was the early church so interested in astronomy? Nicolaus _______________________________ (1473–1543) Wanted an easier system to use than _______________________________ Realized that a _______________________________system system made calculations/predictions much easier Published in 1543, just before his death Copernicus’ Ideas (simplified) Earth is not at the center of everything All the planets revolve around the _______________________________ The stars are much _______________________________from Earth than the Sun Any apparent motion we see is the result of Earth’s _______________________________ The annual motion of the Sun (solstices, equinoxes) is actually because of Earth’s _______________________________ of the Sun The prograde or retrograde motion of the planets is because of Earth’s _______________________________ 2 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Copernicus’ motivation a note at the beginning of the book: ____________________contained therein was not meant to actually model reality, merely an ________________________________________formulation equally spaced planets in circular orbits would represent __________________________in the universe Copernicus’ System His system was only slightly less complicated than Ptolemy’s Could not explain changes in the brightness of __________________________ Not the revolution, just the start of one First to create a complete and general system, combining __________________________, __________________________, and __________________________ Not yet understood: the further the planet was from the Sun, the longer it takes to orbit The Church’s reaction Ignored at first as purely __________________________ Objected to the removal of the Earth from the __________________________of the universe. Correction of an established erroneous theory proved that scientific investigation was a __________________________to authority Copernicus’ book was banned 1616 Copernicus Questions What are the contributions to astronomy made by Copernicus? Why did Copernicus come up with his theory? Why did Copernicus say the Sun appears to rise in the East? What was the church’s reaction to Copernicus and his ideas? 3 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Considered the first “___________________________________” Built his own ____________________and began to observe the night sky His findings conflicted with Aristotle and Ptolemy and confirmed Copernicus Galileo and the moon Saw craters, valleys, and ____________________ Implication: everything is not ___________________________________like the Church claimed Galileo and Jupiter Saw 3 (later 4) stars close to Jupiter Further observation showed that they were ____________________Jupiter They must be ____________________! Implication: ____________________________________________________________ Galileo and Venus Observed that Venus went through ____________________like the Moon Phases Appearance of the ________________________________________of a celestial body Galileo and Venus Observed that Venus went through phases like the Moon Implication: Venus must be ________________________________________ Phases of Venus Cannot be explained in a ____________________system ____________________system must be right! 4 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View The Church responds… Others had been burned for heresy for supporting Copernicus Tolerated and ignored Galileo at first Eventually they put him on trial for heresy Choice: recant and apologize or be ____________________ Sentenced to ____________________ Church eventually forgave him… ____________________ Galileo Questions What are the contributions to astronomy made by Galileo? When Galileo looked at the Moon, what did he observe? What was the implication of his observations of the Moon? When Galileo looked at Jupiter, what did he observe? What was the implication of his observations of Jupiter? When Galileo looked at Venus, what did he observe? What was the implication of his observations of Venus? What was the Church’s reaction to Galileo’s ideas? Remember the ideas of the time ____________________view Celestial bodies travel on ____________________, ____________________, crystal spheres ____________________had stopped, there weren’t supposed to be any new stars or comets 5 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Danish nobleman Astronomer Built great ____________________ Kept excellent ____________________ Had a fake ____________________ Tycho’s observations Observed every night for ____________________years Had no telescope, used other instruments Measured angles to and ____________________of celestial bodies Amassed a large collection of ____________________on the position and movement of planets SN1572 1572 Tycho observed a new star Appeared in Cassiopia Very ____________________ Very ____________________ Published De Nova et Nullius (The New Star) Was a ____________________ (exploding star) Implication: ________________________________________ _____________________________________ Confirmed that implication Tycho’s assistant Tycho kept great records but needed someone to help out with the mathematics Hired mathematician Johannes ____________________in 1600 Tycho died a year later Left all of his records to Kepler Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) German mathematician Used Tycho Brahe’s observations Worked out the 3 laws of ________________________________________ Johannes Kepler Kepler’s calculations Using Brahe’s observations Developed model of solar system that was ____________________accurate 6 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Mathematical model can be used to describe any two ____________________bodies Kepler’s Laws Planetary orbits are ____________________; the sun is at one focus of a planet’s elliptical orbit Planets move ____________________when they are ____________________to the sun Outer planets have further to go and move more ____________________in their orbits around the sun; there is a mathematical relationship between the distance from the sun and the length of the planet’s year Questions What are the contributions to astronomy made by Tycho Brahe? What are the contributions to astronomy made by Johannes Kepler? What are Kepler’s Laws? Upon which point do Copernicus and Kepler disagree? Issac Newton (1643-1727) English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian One of the most influential men in history Developed laws of ____________________and ____________________ Newton’s Three Laws Objects at __________________remain at __________________, objects in _________________remain in ____________________ Force is ____________________ x ____________________ For every ____________________there is an equal and opposite ____________________ Law of Universal Gravitation Gravity between two objects: Proportional to the ____________________of the objects Inversely proportional to ____________________between the objects 7 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Questions What are the contributions to astronomy made by Newton? What is the Law of Universal Gravitation? What are Newton’s Laws of Motion? If the Earth exerts as much pull on the Sun as the Sun exerts on Earth, why does Earth orbit the Sun? 8 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Fast Forward…. Over time, the __________________________ lessened the power of the Catholic Church The work of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton was accepted 1781 – ___________________ discovers Uranus 1846 – ___________________ discovers Neptune By early 20th century, everyone assumes that the _______________________ is the entire universe Some suspect that there are other ___________________ Photography Biggest advance in astronomy since invention of the ___________________ No longer dependent on ___________________ Can get better ___________________ than with the eye Albert Einstein German/Swiss/American physicist Special Relativity Relationship between ___________________ and ___________________ Speed of ___________________ is the same for everybody General Relativity Gravity as ___________________ Space + Time = ___________________ ___________________ curves spacetime Henrietta Leavitt Worked at Harvard Investigated thousands of ___________________ stars Discovered relationship between the ___________________ of the stars and how ___________________ they vary ___________________ variables 9 9 Name: __________________________________________ Period: ____________ The Modern View Edwin Hubble (1889 – 1953) American astronomer Observed using the 100 inch Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson Observatory 1925…took pictures of the ___________________ Nebula Finds a ___________________ variable Proves that this is another ___________________ 1 Shift, 2 Shift, Red Shift, Blue Shift Just as sound has a ___________________ shift ___________________ in pitch as it approaches ___________________ in pitch as it goes away So does ___________________ Shifts to ___________________ as it gets closer Shifts to ___________________ as it gets further away Not only is the universe bigger… Hubble observed that the galaxies were ______________________________________ So they must be moving ___________________ So the universe is not only bigger than thought, it’s getting ___________________ Run that tape backwards… If the universe is ___________________, it used to be a LOT smaller Universe believed to have started with ____________________________________ The next revolution ___________________ have revolutionized astronomy ___________________ can be used to: Produce simulations Calculate things like orbital properties Process and enhance images 10 10
