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Earth Science Vocabulary No. Word Mineral 1 Crystal 2 Magma 3 Silicate Definition Sentence A natural inorganic solid with crystals and a chemical composition. A solid body with a characteristic internal structure. Molten material beneath or within the earth's crust. Any of the largest group of mineral compounds. Some examples of minerals are quartz, diamonds, and rubies. 4 Hardness The state or quality of being hard. Luster The state or quality of shining by reflecting light. A long, narrow mark, smear, band of color. The tendency of crystals, certain minerals, rocks, to break in preferred directions. The characteristic appearance of a broken surface. A cut and polished precious stone or pearl fine enough for use in jewelry. A natural mineral from which a useful substance can be extracted at a reasonable cost. The process by which rocks are 5 6 Streak 7 Cleavage 8 Fracture 9 Gem 10 Ore 11 Rock cycle 12 Most of the crystals I see are quartz. Magma is from volcanoes and forms igneous rocks. Some minerals that belong in the silicate family are quartz and mica. The hardness of diamond is 10 on the Richer scale. Satin has a lot of luster when light is on it. The rock I picked up from the ground had plenty of streaks. The glass’ cleavage is low since it will shatter without any pattern. When a rock hit the window, I saw a fracture. The gem on my mom’s ring is a diamond, and it very nice. I picked up a rock with streaks of iron embedded inside. The rock cycle is also called the geological Picture Igneous rock 13 Lava 14 Intrusive 15 Extrusive 16 Metamorphic rock Rock that was once a form of rock, but has changed to another without passing through a liquid phase. Foliated Consisting of thin and separable laminate. Rock containing minerals that has no separable layers. They form when solids settle out of a fluid such as water or air. A mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air, or ice. The consolidation of sediments resulting from the weight of overlying deposits. The heating of two substances in 17 18 Nonfoliated 19 Sedimentary rock 20 Sediment 21 Compaction 22 Cementation 23 formed, altered, destroyed, and reformed. Rocks formed by the cooling and solidifying of molten materials. The molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent. Having been forced between preexisting rocks while in a molten condition. When lava hardens, the rocks that form are extrusive rocks. cycle. An example of an igneous rock is obsidian, which is like glass. Lava, once cooled, forms a type of igneous rock. Intrusive rocks actually intrude into other rocks. Pumice and obsidian are both extrusive rocks and are igneous. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are slate and marble. My teacher taught me that mica is a foliated rock. Most nonfoliated rocks are one mineral, like marble. An example of sedimentary rock that is easily seen is limestone. Different sediments form sedimentary layers. The compaction for the many layers in sedimentary rocks. Some factories use cementation to blend Plain 24 Plateau 25 Folded mountain 26 Up warped mountain 27 Fault-block mountain 28 Volcanic mountain 29 Equator 30 Latitude 31 32 Prime meridian contact in order to effect some change in one of them. An area of land not significantly higher than adjacent areas and with relatively minor differences in elevation. A land area having a relatively level surface raised above adjoining land An upland area formed by the buckling of the earth's crust. A mountain consisting of a broad area of the Earth's crust that has moved gently upward. Formed when large areas of bedrock is broken and forced up by tectonic shifts in the fault. When hot magma erupts onto the earth's surface it can form into harden rock. The great circle of the earth that is equidistant from the North Pole and South Pole. The angular distance north or south from the equator of a point on the earth. two metals together to form alloys. Most of plains in the United States are located at the Great Plains. A hundred yards short of the summit and the central plateau came into view. Some examples of folded mountains are the Alps and Andes. Most up warped mountains have sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. I wonder if the San Andreas fault has any fault-block mountains. I learned that Hawaii is made up of volcanic mountains. It is usually hotter near the equator than anywhere else, and the poles are usually cold. The earth is graphed by latitude and longitude. The meridian with a I learned yesterday Longitude 33 International Date Line 34 Mercator projection 35 Robinson projection 36 Conic projection 37 Topographic map 38 Contour line 39 Contour interval 40 longitude of 0 and is a reference line from which longitude east and west are measured and as a basis for standard time zone. The angular distance east or west on the earth's surface. the line following the 180° meridian on the east side of which the date is one day earlier than on the west side. An orthomorphic map projection on which parallels and meridians form a rectangular grid. A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once. A method of projecting maps of parts of the earth's spherical surface on a cone. A map showing topographic features, usually by means of contour lines. A line joining points of equal elevation on a surface. The difference in elevation represented by each contour line on a topographic map. that the Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich, England. The earth is graphed by latitude and longitude. The International Date Line was established at the International Meridian Conference in 1884 The Mercator projection was invented by Gerardus Mercator. The Robinson projection is an accomplishment of Arthur H. Robinson in 1961. All maps distort the image some how, and the conic projection shows the map in a cone. When we went hiking, we used a topographic map to guide us. Topographic maps usually use contour lines to show elevation. If the contour interval is close, elevation is steep, and if they’re far apart, it isn’t steep. Fault 41 Earthquake 42 Normal fault 43 Reverse fault 44 Strike-slip fault 45 Seismic wave 46 Focus Break in the continuity of a body of rock with dislocation along the plane of the fracture The vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. A geologic fault in which the hanging wall has moved upward relative to the footwall. A geological fault on which the movement is along the strike of the fault. An elastic shock wave that travels through the earth, as from an earthquake. The point within Earth where the earthquake starts. 47 Primary wave 48 Secondary wave 49 50 Epicenter An earthquake wave in which rock particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel. They shake the particles at right angles to their direction of travel. The location on the The San Andreas fault line was the cause of many California earthquakes. Earthquakes are often caused by slippage along a break in Earth’s crust. Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension. Reverse faults occur where two blocks of rock are forced together by compression. The San Andreas Fault, strike-slip fault, caused the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The Richer scale measures the seismic waves after an earthquake. The released energy radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves. Primarily waves are similar to acoustic waves where pressure fluctuates in a linear fashion. Secondary waves are "shear" waves, like along the surface of a body of water. He pinpointed the surface directly above the focus. Surface wave 51 Inner core 52 Outer core 53 Mantle 54 Crust 55 Moho discontinuity 56 Seismologist 57 Seismograph 58 Magnitude 59 earthquake epicenter to be near the Joeman islands. A seismic wave that Surface waves usually travels along or have larger parallel to amplitudes and longer the earth's surface. wavelengths than body waves. The innermost part I learned yesterday of a core, that the earth’s inner specifically a solid core is made up of sphere in the iron and nickel. middle of the fluid core. The section of the The outer core of the core, between 2,900 Earth is a liquid layer and 5,150 km deep, about 2266 kilometers that consists of thick liquid iron alloy. composed of iron and nickel. The thick layer of My brother taught me rock below the that the mantle is Earth’s crust and about 2870 km thick. above the core. . The rock that We live on the crust makes up the of the earth, and we outermost layer of can actually see the the Earth. crust. The boundary The Moho separates between the Earth's both oceanic crust and crust and the continental crust from mantle. underlying mantle. A person who Charles Francis studies earthquakes Richter was probably and the propagation the most famous of elastic waves seismologist. through the Earth An instrument that The seismograph uses can record the seismic waves to ground motion measure an from an earthquake. earthquake. A measure of the The Richter scale was size of an used for expressing earthquake based the magnitude of an on the quantity of earthquake. energy released. Tsunamis 60 Volcano 61 Vent 62 Crater 63 Pacific Ring of Fire 64 Hot spot 65 Shield volcano 66 Tephra 67 Cinder cone 68 Composite volcano 69 70 Batholiths An unusually large sea wave produced by a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruption. A mountain that builds up around an opening in Earth’s crust. An opening at the earth's surface from which volcanic material is emitted. The cavity on the surface of the earth marking the orifice of a volcano. The linear zone of seismic and volcanic activity that coincides in general with the margins of the Pacific Plate. A place where magma melts through the Earth’s crust. A broad, low volcano shaped like a flattened dome and built of basaltic lava. A volcanic material ejected during an eruption. A conical elevation formed by the accumulation of volcanic debris around a vent. A volcano composed of alternating layers of lava and ash. A large body of I learned that another name for tsunamis is a seismic sea wave. All of the islands on Hawaii is formed from volcanoes. We learned that volcanic vents usually emit lava, steam, or gas. Many craters are easy to spot on a volcano, and they mark the tops of the volcanoes. The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. The areas around volcanoes are usually covered in hot spots. A shield volcano is also called a basaltic dome or a lava dome Some examples of a tephra is scoria, dust, etc. The debris around a vent eventually forms a cone around the vent. Today, I learned that composite volcano is also called a stratovolcano. My mom told me that Dike 71 Sill 72 Volcanic neck 73 Caldera 74 Continental drift 75 Seafloor spreading 76 Plate tectonics 77 Plate intrusive igneous rock believed to have crystallized at a depth below the earth's surface. A wall-like mass of mineral matter filling up vents or fissures in the original strata. A tabular body of intrusive igneous rock. A column of igneous rock formed by congregation of lava in the conduit of a volcano. A large, basin-like depression resulting from the explosion or collapse of the center of a volcano. The lateral movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic plates. A process in which new ocean floor is created as molten material from the earth's mantle rises. The theory that the earth's lithosphere is divided plates that are floating on semi-fluid rock. A large rigid block. 78 Lithosphere 79 The crust and upper mantle of the earth. most batholiths are made especially out of granite. I learned that dike are usually made up of an intrusion of igneous rocks. Sills are ordinarily between beds of sedimentary rocks. I learned that a volcanic neck is later exposed by the removal of surrounding rocks. I learned that Spanish Caldera is the name of a crater in the Canary Islands. I learned that earth was all one piece of land, but continental drift formed the seven continents. My teacher taught me that sea-floor spreading occurs at divergent tectonic plate boundaries. Continental drift occurs when the plate tectonics move the land above. The idea of plate tectonics is that the plate move the land above them. The plate tectonics float and move Asthenosphere 80 Divergent boundary 81 Convergent boundary 82 Subduction zone 83 Transform fault 84 Convection current 85 Principle of superposition 86 Relative dating 87 88 Unconformity A thin semi-fluid layer of the earth that is below the outer rigid lithosphere. The act of two tectonic plates are moving away form each other. A boundary where tectonic plates are moving toward each other. A convergent plate boundary where one plate subducts beneath the other, usually because it is denser. A type of strike-slip fault that accommodates the relative horizontal slip between other tectonic elements. The lateral displacement along transform faults often ends or changes form abruptly. States that, for all linear systems, the net response of two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses of each stimulus by itself. The arrangement of artifacts or events in a sequence relative to one another. A discontinuity in gradually on the lithosphere. The asthenosphere enables sections of lithosphere to undergo lateral movement. Divergent boundaries at the edge of continents are what form the ocean floor. When two convergent boundaries collide, it forms mountains. I heard in the news that the western coast of South America is roughly coincident with a subduction zone The lateral displacement along transform faults often ends or changes form abruptly. The convection current travels in a circle that changes from hot to cool air. The principle of superposition was formulated in the 17th century by the Danish scientist Nicolas Steno. I once saw a show where they used relative dating to find the approximate date of an item. An unconformity Absolute dating 89 Half-life 90 Geologic time scale 91 Troposphere rock sequence indicating interruption of sedimentation. The determination of the age of an object with reference to a specific time scale. The time taken for half of the atoms in a radioactive material to undergo decay. The relative age of various geologic periods and the absolute time intervals. The lowest atmospheric layer. 92 Ionosphere 93 Ozone layer 94 Ultraviolet radiation 95 Chlorofluorocarbons 96 The region of the earth's atmosphere between the stratosphere and the exosphere. The layer of the upper atmosphere where most atmospheric ozone is concentrated. Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Any of various halocarbon compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. commonly accompanied by erosion of rocks below the break. An example of absolute dating is the date on a coin. For radioactive decay, the half-life is constant over the whole life of the decay. The principles underlying geologic time scales were later laid down by Nicholas Steno. The troposphere is 11 miles thick at the equator and 4 miles thick at the Poles. The ionosphere contains a high concentration of free electrons and is 60-1000 kilometers from earth There is a lot of debate on the holes in the ozone layer. I learned that ultraviolet radiation can burn the skin and cause skin cancer. Chlorofluorocarbons are believed to cause depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer. Radiation 97 Conduction 98 Convection 99 Hydrosphere 100 Water cycle 101 Coriolis effect 102 Jet stream 103 Sea breeze 104 Land breeze 105 Relative humidity 106 The process in which energy is emitted as particles or waves. The transfer of heat between two parts of a stationary system. The transfer of heat by the circulation or movement of the heated parts of a liquid or gas. The cancer was caused by excessive nuclear radiation exposure. Conduction is caused by a temperature difference between the parts. Radioactive elements in the Earth decay, giving off heat, which drives the convection of rocks in the Earth's interior. The watery part of All of the water on the earth's surface, earth is part of the including oceans, hydrosphere, it lakes, water vapor includes vapor, in the atmosphere. oceans, and lakes. The cycle of Water cycle evaporate evaporation and from bodies of water, condensation that condenses, controls the precipitates, and distribution of the returns to those bodies earth's water. of water. earth's rotation The Coriolis effect causing freely effects things like moving objects wind, ocean currents, toward the right in airplanes, missiles, the North Hemi. but does not affect and to the left in the toilets or sinks. South Hemisphere. A high-speed, Jet streams reach meandering wind speeds often 250 mph current, generally at altitudes of 6 to 9 moving from a miles. westerly direction. A cool breeze A sea breeze is the blowing from the exact opposite from a sea toward the land. land breeze. A breeze that blows A sea breeze is the from the land exact opposite from a toward open water. land breeze. The ratio of water In relative humidity, vapor in the air at a the amount of water certain temperature air could hold at a to the max amount that the air could hold at that temperature certain temperature is shown as a percentage. Saturated Of or relating to minerals that can crystallize from magmas even in the presence of excess silica. I learned in class yesterday that silica saturation is a classification of minerals. Dew point The temperature at which air must be cooled at constant pressure in order for dew to form. A cloudlike mass or layer of minute water droplets or ice crystals near the surface of the earth. The amounts of rain, snow, hail, etc., that has fallen at a given place within a given period. A body of air covering a relatively wide area. The dew point is the temperature needed to create dew, which is the collection of water on an object. I learned that fog is pretty usual in on earth, and it really reduces visibility. 107 108 Fog 109 Precipitation 110 Air mass 111 Front 112 Tornado 113 The precipitation is usually expressed in inches or centimeters of water. It assumes the temperature and humidity of that area, with characteristics distributed evenly throughout the horizontal layers of the mass. It is the land along I learned that a seashore or large hurricanes usually lake. arrive at the fronts of coastal areas. A localized, Tornados are usually violently characterized as a destructive long funnel-shaped windstorm vortex, and is visible occurring over land. by debris and condensation. Hurricane 114 Isotherm 115 Isobar 116 Tropics 117 Polar zone 118 Temperate zone A violent, tropical, cyclonic storm of the western North Atlantic. A line on a weather map or chart connecting points having equal temperature. A line drawn on a weather map or chart that connects points at which the barometric pressure is the same. It is either of two corresponding parallels of latitude on the terrestrial globe. The part of the Earth's surface forming a cap over a pole. Either of two regions of the Earth of intermediate latitude. 119 Season 120 El Nino 121 Greenhouse effect 122 One of the four periods of the year beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice. A warm ocean current of variable intensity that develops after late December along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. An effect occurring in greenhouses in which heat from the Hurricanes have wind speeds of or in excess of 72 miles per hour. I learned that you can also call an isotherm an isothermal line. An isobar is usually reduced to sea level for purposes of comparison, at a given time or period. The two tropics are the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. I learned that polar zones are characterized by frigid climate. The two temperate zones are the North Temperate Zone and the South Temperate Zone. The four seasons are spring, summer, winter, and autumn or fall. El Nino is known to cause catastrophic weather conditions and happens along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. The greenhouse effect makes the things inside greenhouses Global warming 123 Deforestation sun passes through the glass warming the contents. An increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that cause changes in climate. To divest or clear of forests or trees. 124 Axis 125 Rotation 126 Retrograde rotation 127 Prograde rotation 128 Revolution 129 Ellipse The line about which a rotating body, such as the earth, turns. The movement or path of the earth or a heavenly body turning on its axis. Rotation in an opposite direction from the typical rotation within a system . Moving in the same orbital or rotational direction as another. The orbiting of one heavenly body around another. A closed, symmetric curve shaped like an oval. 130 Equinox 131 Solstice 132 The time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator. Either of the two times a year when the sun is at its warmer because the radiant heat is trapped inside the house. In science class we learned that global warming may result from the greenhouse effect. Poor planning deforested the area for 10 years and had to go through rehabilitation. I learned that the Earth’s axis are longitude and latitude. The Earth's rotation is shorter than Jupiter's rotation. Venus, Pluto, and Uranus have retrograde rotation in our solar system. Most planets in the solar system have prograde rotation. One of Earth's revolutions takes 365 earth days long. Ellipse can be formed by intersecting a cone with a plane that is not parallel or perpendicular to the cone's base. There is the Autumn or Fall equinox and the Spring equinox. The two solstices are the summer solstice and the winter Full Moon 133 New Moon 134 Waxing greatest distance from the celestial equator. The moon when the whole of its disk is illuminated, occurring when in opposition to the sun. The moon either when in conjunction with the sun or soon after. When the moon appears to be bigger or larger. 135 Waning When the moon appears to be tinier or smaller. Solar eclipse The obscuration of the light of the sun by the intervention of the moon between it and a point on the earth. The obscuration of the light of the moon by the intervention of the earth between it and the sun. The sun together with all the planets and other bodies that revolve around it. Any of the four planets closest to the sun. 136 137 Lunar eclipse 138 Solar system 139 Inner planets 140 Outer planets 141 Any of the four planets with orbits solstice. The full moon looked like a bright circle of light when I looked up into the night. A new moon is invisible or visible as a slender cresent. Last week, I saw the moon waxing every night, but then it grew smaller after a while. Last month, I saw the moon waning every night, but then it slowly appeared larger again. During a solar eclipse, it is very dark, since the sun is blocked. A lunar eclipse is when the sun blocks out the moon and we can't see the moon's light. In oue solar system, the Milky Way, Earth is the third planet closest to the sun. The inner planets of the Milky Way are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The outer planets include Jupiter, Astronomical unit 142 Comet 143 Oort Cloud 144 Meteor 145 Meteorite 146 Asteroid 147 Constellation 148 Absolute magnitude 149 Apparent magnitude 150 outside the orbit of Mars. A unit of length, equal to the mean distance of the earth from the sun. A celestial body moving about the sun, usually in a highly eccentric orbit. A region of the solar system far beyond the orbit of Pluto in which billions of comets move in nearly circular orbits. A transient fiery streak in the sky produced by a meteoroid passing through the earth's atmosphere. A mass of stone or metal that has reached the earth's from outer space. Any numerous small celestial bodies that move around the sun. Any group of stars to which definite names have been given. Magnitude of star to a hypothetical observer at a distance of 10 parsecs. The degree of brightness of a celestial body designated on a numerical scale. Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. I learned that the astronomical unit is about 93 million miles. It is usually surrounded by dust and gas, which usually forms the tail of the comet. It stays in the orbit unless it is pulled out of the orbit by a passing star. Most meteors usually travel around 70 kilometers a second, and is often called a shooting star. It is a rock that falls to earth, after streaking across the sky. Most of the asteriods are in the asteriod belt between Jupiter and Mars. Some examples of constellations are URSA Major, URSA Minor, and Pegasus. Absolute magnitude of a star is how a person would see it 32.6 light years away. The apparent magnitude is rated by brightest is 1.4 and faintest is 6. Parallax An apparent change in the direction of an object. Light-year The distance that light travels in a vacuum in one year. The visible outer layer of a star, especially of the sun. 151 152 Photosphere 153 Chromosphere 154 Corona 155 Sunspot 156 Binary star system 157 Main sequence 158 An incandescent, transparent layer of gas, lying above and surrounding the photosphere of a star, such as the sun A faintly colored luminous ring appearing to surround a celestial body visible through a haze or thin cloud. Any of the relatively cool dark spots appearing periodically in groups on the surface of the sun. A stellar system consisting of two stars orbiting about a common center of mass. A major grouping of stars that forms a relatively narrow band from the upper left to the lower right. A change in observational position that provides a new line of sight is caused by a parralax. A light-year is about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion kilometers long. The photosphere lies just below the chromosphere and just above the convective zone and has a temperature of about 6,000 K. The chromospher is made up of mostly hydrogen, and is separate from corona. The corona is the teneous uppermost layer of a star, and it is directly above the chronosphere. I learned that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields. A binary star system is often appearing as a single visual or telescopic object, and is called a double star. A star's position and length of stay on the main sequence depend critically on mass. Nebula A diffuse mass of interstellar dust or gas or both. Giant Marked by exceptionally great size, magnitude, or power. The remnant of a star that has collapsed, having an extremely dense state with no empty space between its atoms. Any of various very large bright stars, having a luminosity that is thousands of times greater than that of the sun. A city-sized collapsed star made mostly of closely packed neutrons in a state known as neutron degenerate matter. An area of space-time with a gravitational field so intense that its escape velocity is equal to or exceeds the speed of light. Large system of stars held together by mutual gravitation and isolated from similar systems by vast region of space. 159 160 White dwarf 161 Supergiant 162 Neutron star 163 Black hole 164 Galaxy 165 Nebulas are visible as luminous patches or areas of darkness depending on the way the mass absorbs or reflects incident radiation. A giant impact was created by the meteor hitting the earth, and destroyed dinosaurs. A white dwarf doesn't reach the extremely dense state of a neutron star or black hole. I learned that some of the supergiants are Betelgeuse and Rigel, and they are much brighter than the sun. Neutron stars have a density of about 1014 g/cm3, or roughly a million times that of white dwarfs. A black hole's gravitational field is so intense that no electromagnetic radiation can escape. I learned that our galaxy is called the Milky Way galaxy in science class. Big Bang Theory 166 A cosmological theory holding that the universe originated approximately 20 billion years ago from the violent explosion. The Big Bang Theory's explosion is created by a very small agglomeration of matter of extremely high density and temperature.