Download Earth Science Vocabulary No. Word Definition Sentence Picture 1

Earth Science Vocabulary
No.
Word
Mineral
1
Crystal
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Magma
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Silicate
Definition
Sentence
A natural inorganic
solid with crystals
and a chemical
composition.
A solid body with
a characteristic
internal structure.
Molten material
beneath or within
the earth's crust.
Any of the largest
group of mineral
compounds.
Some examples of
minerals are quartz,
diamonds, and rubies.
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Hardness
The state or quality
of being hard.
Luster
The state or quality
of shining by
reflecting light.
A long, narrow
mark, smear, band
of color.
The tendency of
crystals, certain
minerals, rocks, to
break in preferred
directions.
The characteristic
appearance of a
broken surface.
A cut and polished
precious stone or
pearl fine enough
for use in jewelry.
A natural mineral
from which a useful
substance can be
extracted at a
reasonable cost.
The process by
which rocks are
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Streak
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Cleavage
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Fracture
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Gem
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Ore
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Rock cycle
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Most of the crystals I
see are quartz.
Magma is from
volcanoes and forms
igneous rocks.
Some minerals that
belong in the silicate
family are quartz and
mica.
The hardness of
diamond is 10 on the
Richer scale.
Satin has a lot of
luster when light is on
it.
The rock I picked up
from the ground had
plenty of streaks.
The glass’ cleavage is
low since it will
shatter without any
pattern.
When a rock hit the
window, I saw a
fracture.
The gem on my
mom’s ring is a
diamond, and it very
nice.
I picked up a rock
with streaks of iron
embedded inside.
The rock cycle is also
called the geological
Picture
Igneous rock
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Lava
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Intrusive
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Extrusive
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Metamorphic rock
Rock that was once
a form of rock, but
has changed to
another without
passing through a
liquid phase.
Foliated
Consisting of thin
and separable
laminate.
Rock containing
minerals that has no
separable layers.
They form when
solids settle out of a
fluid such as water
or air.
A mineral or
organic matter
deposited by water,
air, or ice.
The consolidation
of sediments
resulting from the
weight of overlying
deposits.
The heating of two
substances in
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Nonfoliated
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Sedimentary rock
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Sediment
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Compaction
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Cementation
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formed, altered,
destroyed, and
reformed.
Rocks formed by
the cooling and
solidifying of
molten materials.
The molten, fluid
rock that issues
from a volcano or
volcanic vent.
Having been forced
between preexisting
rocks while in a
molten condition.
When lava hardens,
the rocks that form
are extrusive rocks.
cycle.
An example of an
igneous rock is
obsidian, which is like
glass.
Lava, once cooled,
forms a type of
igneous rock.
Intrusive rocks
actually intrude into
other rocks.
Pumice and obsidian
are both extrusive
rocks and are igneous.
Some examples of
metamorphic rocks
are slate and marble.
My teacher taught me
that mica is a foliated
rock.
Most nonfoliated
rocks are one mineral,
like marble.
An example of
sedimentary rock that
is easily seen is
limestone.
Different sediments
form sedimentary
layers.
The compaction for
the many layers in
sedimentary rocks.
Some factories use
cementation to blend
Plain
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Plateau
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Folded mountain
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Up warped mountain
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Fault-block mountain
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Volcanic mountain
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Equator
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Latitude
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Prime meridian
contact in order to
effect some change
in one of them.
An area of land not
significantly higher
than adjacent areas
and with relatively
minor differences
in elevation.
A land area having
a relatively level
surface raised
above adjoining
land
An upland area
formed by the
buckling
of the earth's crust.
A mountain
consisting of a
broad area of the
Earth's crust that
has moved gently
upward.
Formed when large
areas of bedrock is
broken and forced
up by tectonic shifts
in the fault.
When hot magma
erupts onto the
earth's surface it
can form into
harden rock.
The great circle of
the earth that is
equidistant from the
North Pole and
South Pole.
The angular
distance north or
south from
the equator of a
point on the earth.
two metals together to
form alloys.
Most of plains in the
United States are
located at the Great
Plains.
A hundred yards short
of the summit and the
central plateau came
into view.
Some examples of
folded mountains are
the Alps and Andes.
Most up warped
mountains have
sedimentary, igneous,
and metamorphic
rocks.
I wonder if the San
Andreas fault has any
fault-block mountains.
I learned that Hawaii
is made up of volcanic
mountains.
It is usually hotter
near the equator than
anywhere else, and
the poles are usually
cold.
The earth is graphed
by latitude and
longitude.
The meridian with a I learned yesterday
Longitude
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International Date
Line
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Mercator projection
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Robinson projection
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Conic projection
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Topographic map
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Contour line
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Contour interval
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longitude of 0 and
is a reference line
from which
longitude east and
west are measured
and as a basis for
standard time zone.
The angular
distance east or
west on the earth's
surface.
the line following
the 180° meridian
on the east side of
which the date is
one day earlier than
on the west side.
An orthomorphic
map projection on
which parallels and
meridians form a
rectangular grid.
A map projection of
a world map, which
shows the
entire world at
once.
A method of
projecting maps of
parts of the earth's
spherical surface on
a cone.
A map showing
topographic
features, usually by
means of contour
lines.
A line joining
points of equal
elevation on a
surface.
The difference in
elevation
represented by each
contour line on a
topographic map.
that the Prime
Meridian passes
through Greenwich,
England.
The earth is graphed
by latitude and
longitude.
The International Date
Line was established
at the International
Meridian Conference
in 1884
The Mercator
projection was
invented by Gerardus
Mercator.
The Robinson
projection is an
accomplishment of
Arthur H. Robinson in
1961.
All maps distort the
image some how, and
the conic projection
shows the map in a
cone.
When we went hiking,
we used a topographic
map to guide us.
Topographic maps
usually use contour
lines to show
elevation.
If the contour interval
is close, elevation is
steep, and if they’re
far apart, it isn’t steep.
Fault
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Earthquake
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Normal fault
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Reverse fault
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Strike-slip fault
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Seismic wave
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Focus
Break in the
continuity of a body
of rock with
dislocation along
the plane of the
fracture
The vibration of
Earth produced by
the rapid release of
energy.
A geologic fault in
which the hanging
wall has moved
downward relative
to the footwall.
A geologic fault in
which the hanging
wall has moved
upward relative to
the footwall.
A geological fault
on which the
movement is along
the strike of the
fault.
An elastic shock
wave that travels
through the earth,
as from an
earthquake.
The point within
Earth where the
earthquake starts.
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Primary wave
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Secondary wave
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Epicenter
An earthquake
wave in which rock
particles vibrate
parallel to
the direction of
wave travel.
They shake the
particles at right
angles to their
direction of travel.
The location on the
The San Andreas fault
line was the cause of
many California
earthquakes.
Earthquakes are often
caused by slippage
along a break in
Earth’s crust.
Normal faults occur
where two blocks of
rock are pulled apart,
as by tension.
Reverse faults occur
where two blocks of
rock are forced
together by
compression.
The San Andreas
Fault, strike-slip fault,
caused the 1906 San
Francisco earthquake.
The Richer scale
measures the seismic
waves after an
earthquake.
The released energy
radiates in all
directions from the
focus in the form of
waves.
Primarily waves are
similar to acoustic
waves where pressure
fluctuates in a linear
fashion.
Secondary waves are
"shear" waves, like
along the surface of a
body of water.
He pinpointed the
surface directly
above the focus.
Surface wave
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Inner core
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Outer core
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Mantle
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Crust
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Moho discontinuity
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Seismologist
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Seismograph
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Magnitude
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earthquake epicenter
to be near the Joeman
islands.
A seismic wave that Surface waves usually
travels along or
have larger
parallel to
amplitudes and longer
the earth's surface.
wavelengths than
body waves.
The innermost part I learned yesterday
of a core,
that the earth’s inner
specifically a solid
core is made up of
sphere in the
iron and nickel.
middle of the fluid
core.
The section of the
The outer core of the
core, between 2,900 Earth is a liquid layer
and 5,150 km deep, about 2266 kilometers
that consists of
thick
liquid iron alloy.
composed of iron and
nickel.
The thick layer of
My brother taught me
rock below the
that the mantle is
Earth’s crust and
about 2870 km thick.
above the core.
.
The rock that
We live on the crust
makes up the
of the earth, and we
outermost layer of
can actually see the
the Earth.
crust.
The boundary
The Moho separates
between the Earth's both oceanic crust and
crust and the
continental crust from
mantle.
underlying mantle.
A person who
Charles Francis
studies earthquakes Richter was probably
and the propagation the most famous
of elastic waves
seismologist.
through the Earth
An instrument that
The seismograph uses
can record the
seismic waves to
ground motion
measure an
from an earthquake. earthquake.
A measure of the
The Richter scale was
size of an
used for expressing
earthquake based
the magnitude of an
on the quantity of
earthquake.
energy released.
Tsunamis
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Volcano
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Vent
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Crater
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Pacific Ring of Fire
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Hot spot
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Shield volcano
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Tephra
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Cinder cone
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Composite volcano
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Batholiths
An unusually large
sea wave produced
by a seaquake or
undersea volcanic
eruption.
A mountain that
builds up around an
opening in Earth’s
crust.
An opening at the
earth's surface from
which volcanic
material is emitted.
The cavity on
the surface of the
earth marking the
orifice of a volcano.
The linear zone of
seismic and
volcanic activity
that coincides in
general with the
margins of
the Pacific Plate.
A place where
magma melts
through the Earth’s
crust.
A broad, low
volcano shaped like
a flattened dome
and built of basaltic
lava.
A volcanic material
ejected during an
eruption.
A conical elevation
formed by the
accumulation of
volcanic debris
around a vent.
A volcano
composed of
alternating layers of
lava and ash.
A large body of
I learned that another
name for tsunamis is a
seismic sea wave.
All of the islands on
Hawaii is formed
from volcanoes.
We learned that
volcanic vents usually
emit lava, steam, or
gas.
Many craters are easy
to spot on a volcano,
and they mark the
tops of the volcanoes.
The Pacific Ring of
Fire is an area where
large numbers of
earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions
occur.
The areas around
volcanoes are usually
covered in hot spots.
A shield volcano is
also called a basaltic
dome or a lava dome
Some examples of a
tephra is scoria, dust,
etc.
The debris around a
vent eventually forms
a cone around the
vent.
Today, I learned that
composite volcano is
also called a
stratovolcano.
My mom told me that
Dike
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Sill
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Volcanic neck
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Caldera
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Continental drift
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Seafloor spreading
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Plate tectonics
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Plate
intrusive igneous
rock believed to
have crystallized at
a depth below
the earth's surface.
A wall-like mass of
mineral matter
filling up vents or
fissures in the
original strata.
A tabular body of
intrusive igneous
rock.
A column of
igneous rock
formed by
congregation of
lava in the conduit
of a volcano.
A large, basin-like
depression resulting
from the explosion
or collapse of the
center of a volcano.
The lateral
movement of
continents resulting
from the motion of
tectonic plates.
A process in which
new ocean floor is
created as molten
material from
the earth's mantle
rises.
The theory that the
earth's lithosphere
is divided plates
that are floating on
semi-fluid rock.
A large rigid block.
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Lithosphere
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The crust and upper
mantle of the earth.
most batholiths are
made especially out of
granite.
I learned that dike are
usually made up of an
intrusion of igneous
rocks.
Sills are ordinarily
between beds of
sedimentary rocks.
I learned that a
volcanic neck is later
exposed by the
removal of
surrounding rocks.
I learned that Spanish
Caldera is the name of
a crater in the Canary
Islands.
I learned that earth
was all one piece of
land, but continental
drift formed the seven
continents.
My teacher taught me
that sea-floor
spreading occurs at
divergent tectonic
plate boundaries.
Continental drift
occurs when the plate
tectonics move the
land above.
The idea of plate
tectonics is that the
plate move the land
above them.
The plate tectonics
float and move
Asthenosphere
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Divergent boundary
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Convergent boundary
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Subduction zone
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Transform fault
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Convection current
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Principle of
superposition
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Relative dating
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Unconformity
A thin semi-fluid
layer of the earth
that is below the
outer rigid
lithosphere.
The act of two
tectonic plates are
moving away form
each other.
A boundary where
tectonic plates are
moving toward
each other.
A convergent plate
boundary where
one plate subducts
beneath the other,
usually because it is
denser.
A type of strike-slip
fault that
accommodates the
relative horizontal
slip between other
tectonic elements.
The lateral
displacement along
transform faults
often ends or
changes form
abruptly.
States that, for all
linear systems, the
net response of two
or more stimuli is
the sum of the
responses of each
stimulus by itself.
The arrangement of
artifacts or events
in a sequence
relative to one
another.
A discontinuity in
gradually on the
lithosphere.
The asthenosphere
enables sections of
lithosphere to undergo
lateral movement.
Divergent boundaries
at the edge of
continents are what
form the ocean floor.
When two convergent
boundaries collide, it
forms mountains.
I heard in the news
that the western coast
of South America is
roughly coincident
with a subduction
zone
The lateral
displacement along
transform faults often
ends or changes form
abruptly.
The convection
current travels in a
circle that changes
from hot to cool air.
The principle of
superposition was
formulated in the 17th
century by the Danish
scientist Nicolas
Steno.
I once saw a show
where they used
relative dating to find
the approximate date
of an item.
An unconformity
Absolute dating
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Half-life
90
Geologic time scale
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Troposphere
rock sequence
indicating
interruption of
sedimentation.
The determination
of the age of an
object with
reference to a
specific time scale.
The time taken for
half of the atoms in
a radioactive
material to undergo
decay.
The relative age of
various geologic
periods and the
absolute time
intervals.
The lowest
atmospheric layer.
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Ionosphere
93
Ozone layer
94
Ultraviolet radiation
95
Chlorofluorocarbons
96
The region of
the earth's
atmosphere
between the
stratosphere and the
exosphere.
The layer of
the upper
atmosphere where
most atmospheric
ozone is
concentrated.
Invisible rays that
are part of the
energy that comes
from the sun.
Any of various
halocarbon
compounds
consisting of
carbon, hydrogen,
chlorine, and
fluorine.
commonly
accompanied by
erosion of rocks
below the break.
An example of
absolute dating is the
date on a coin.
For radioactive decay,
the half-life is
constant over the
whole life of the
decay.
The principles
underlying geologic
time scales were later
laid down by Nicholas
Steno.
The troposphere is 11
miles thick at the
equator and 4 miles
thick at the Poles.
The ionosphere
contains a high
concentration of free
electrons and is
60-1000 kilometers
from earth
There is a lot of
debate on the holes in
the ozone layer.
I learned that
ultraviolet radiation
can burn the skin and
cause skin cancer.
Chlorofluorocarbons
are believed to cause
depletion of the
atmospheric ozone
layer.
Radiation
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Conduction
98
Convection
99
Hydrosphere
100
Water cycle
101
Coriolis effect
102
Jet stream
103
Sea breeze
104
Land breeze
105
Relative humidity
106
The process in
which energy is
emitted as particles
or waves.
The transfer of heat
between two parts
of a stationary
system.
The transfer of heat
by the circulation or
movement of the
heated parts of a
liquid or gas.
The cancer was
caused by excessive
nuclear radiation
exposure.
Conduction is caused
by a
temperature difference
between the parts.
Radioactive elements
in the Earth decay,
giving off heat, which
drives the convection
of rocks in the Earth's
interior.
The watery part of
All of the water on
the earth's surface,
earth is part of the
including oceans,
hydrosphere, it
lakes, water vapor
includes vapor,
in the atmosphere.
oceans, and lakes.
The cycle of
Water cycle evaporate
evaporation and
from bodies of water,
condensation that
condenses,
controls the
precipitates, and
distribution of the
returns to those bodies
earth's water.
of water.
earth's rotation
The Coriolis effect
causing freely
effects things like
moving objects
wind, ocean currents,
toward the right in
airplanes, missiles,
the North Hemi.
but does not affect
and to the left in the toilets or sinks.
South Hemisphere.
A high-speed,
Jet streams reach
meandering wind
speeds often 250 mph
current, generally
at altitudes of 6 to 9
moving from a
miles.
westerly direction.
A cool breeze
A sea breeze is the
blowing from the
exact opposite from a
sea toward the land. land breeze.
A breeze that blows A sea breeze is the
from the land
exact opposite from a
toward open water. land breeze.
The ratio of water
In relative humidity,
vapor in the air at a the amount of water
certain temperature air could hold at a
to the max amount
that the air could
hold at that
temperature
certain temperature is
shown as a
percentage.
Saturated
Of or relating to
minerals that can
crystallize from
magmas even in the
presence of excess
silica.
I learned in class
yesterday that silica
saturation is a
classification of
minerals.
Dew point
The temperature at
which air must be
cooled at constant
pressure in order
for dew to form.
A cloudlike mass or
layer of minute
water droplets or
ice crystals near
the surface of the
earth.
The amounts of
rain, snow, hail,
etc., that has fallen
at a given place
within a given
period.
A body of air
covering a
relatively wide
area.
The dew point is the
temperature needed to
create dew, which is
the collection of water
on an object.
I learned that fog is
pretty usual in on
earth, and it really
reduces visibility.
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108
Fog
109
Precipitation
110
Air mass
111
Front
112
Tornado
113
The precipitation is
usually expressed in
inches or centimeters
of water.
It assumes the
temperature and
humidity of that area,
with characteristics
distributed evenly
throughout the
horizontal layers of
the mass.
It is the land along
I learned that
a seashore or large
hurricanes usually
lake.
arrive at the fronts of
coastal areas.
A localized,
Tornados are usually
violently
characterized as a
destructive
long funnel-shaped
windstorm
vortex, and is visible
occurring over land. by debris and
condensation.
Hurricane
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Isotherm
115
Isobar
116
Tropics
117
Polar zone
118
Temperate zone
A violent, tropical,
cyclonic storm of
the western North
Atlantic.
A line on a weather
map or chart
connecting points
having equal
temperature.
A line drawn on a
weather map or
chart that connects
points at which the
barometric
pressure is the
same.
It is either of two
corresponding
parallels of latitude
on the terrestrial
globe.
The part of the
Earth's surface
forming a cap over
a pole.
Either of two
regions of the Earth
of intermediate
latitude.
119
Season
120
El Nino
121
Greenhouse effect
122
One of the four
periods of the year
beginning
astronomically at
an equinox or
solstice.
A warm
ocean current of
variable intensity
that develops after
late December
along the coast of
Ecuador and Peru.
An effect occurring
in greenhouses in
which heat from the
Hurricanes have wind
speeds of or in excess
of 72 miles per hour.
I learned that you can
also call an isotherm
an isothermal line.
An isobar is usually
reduced to sea level
for purposes of
comparison, at a given
time or period.
The two tropics are
the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of
Capricorn.
I learned that polar
zones are
characterized by frigid
climate.
The two temperate
zones are the North
Temperate Zone and
the South Temperate
Zone.
The four seasons are
spring, summer,
winter, and autumn or
fall.
El Nino is known to
cause catastrophic
weather conditions
and happens along the
coast of Ecuador and
Peru.
The greenhouse effect
makes the things
inside greenhouses
Global warming
123
Deforestation
sun passes through
the glass warming
the contents.
An increase in
the earth's average
atmospheric
temperature that
cause changes in
climate.
To divest or clear
of forests or trees.
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Axis
125
Rotation
126
Retrograde rotation
127
Prograde rotation
128
Revolution
129
Ellipse
The line about
which a rotating
body, such as the
earth, turns.
The movement or
path of the earth or
a heavenly body
turning on its axis.
Rotation in an
opposite direction
from the typical
rotation within a
system .
Moving in the same
orbital or rotational
direction as
another.
The orbiting of one
heavenly body
around another.
A closed,
symmetric curve
shaped like an oval.
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Equinox
131
Solstice
132
The time when the
sun crosses the
plane of the earth's
equator.
Either of the two
times a year when
the sun is at its
warmer because the
radiant heat is trapped
inside the house.
In science class we
learned that global
warming may result
from the greenhouse
effect.
Poor planning
deforested the area for
10 years and had to go
through rehabilitation.
I learned that the
Earth’s axis are
longitude and latitude.
The Earth's rotation is
shorter than Jupiter's
rotation.
Venus, Pluto, and
Uranus have
retrograde rotation in
our solar system.
Most planets in the
solar system have
prograde rotation.
One of Earth's
revolutions takes 365
earth days long.
Ellipse can be formed
by intersecting a cone
with a plane that is
not parallel or
perpendicular to the
cone's base.
There is the Autumn
or Fall equinox and
the Spring equinox.
The two solstices are
the summer solstice
and the winter
Full Moon
133
New Moon
134
Waxing
greatest distance
from the celestial
equator.
The moon when the
whole of its disk is
illuminated,
occurring when in
opposition to the
sun.
The moon either
when in
conjunction with
the sun or soon
after.
When the moon
appears to be bigger
or larger.
135
Waning
When the moon
appears to be tinier
or smaller.
Solar eclipse
The obscuration of
the light of the sun
by the intervention
of the moon
between it and a
point on the earth.
The obscuration of
the light of the
moon by the
intervention of the
earth between it and
the sun.
The sun together
with all the planets
and other bodies
that revolve around
it.
Any of the four
planets closest to
the sun.
136
137
Lunar eclipse
138
Solar system
139
Inner planets
140
Outer planets
141
Any of the four
planets with orbits
solstice.
The full moon looked
like a bright circle of
light when I looked up
into the night.
A new moon is
invisible or visible as
a slender cresent.
Last week, I saw the
moon waxing every
night, but then it grew
smaller after a while.
Last month, I saw the
moon waning every
night, but then it
slowly appeared
larger again.
During a solar eclipse,
it is very dark, since
the sun is blocked.
A lunar eclipse is
when the sun blocks
out the moon and we
can't see the moon's
light.
In oue solar system,
the Milky Way, Earth
is the third planet
closest to the sun.
The inner planets of
the Milky Way are
Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars.
The outer planets
include Jupiter,
Astronomical unit
142
Comet
143
Oort Cloud
144
Meteor
145
Meteorite
146
Asteroid
147
Constellation
148
Absolute magnitude
149
Apparent magnitude
150
outside the orbit of
Mars.
A unit of length,
equal to the mean
distance of the earth
from the sun.
A celestial body
moving about the
sun, usually in a
highly eccentric
orbit.
A region of the
solar system far
beyond the orbit of
Pluto in which
billions of comets
move in nearly
circular orbits.
A transient fiery
streak in the sky
produced by a
meteoroid passing
through the earth's
atmosphere.
A mass of stone or
metal that has
reached the earth's
from outer space.
Any numerous
small celestial
bodies that move
around the sun.
Any group of stars
to which definite
names have been
given.
Magnitude of star
to a hypothetical
observer at a
distance of 10
parsecs.
The degree of
brightness of a
celestial body
designated on a
numerical scale.
Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
I learned that the
astronomical unit is
about 93 million
miles.
It is usually
surrounded by dust
and gas, which
usually forms the tail
of the comet.
It stays in the orbit
unless it is pulled out
of the orbit by a
passing star.
Most meteors usually
travel around 70
kilometers a second,
and is often called a
shooting star.
It is a rock that falls to
earth, after streaking
across the sky.
Most of the asteriods
are in the asteriod belt
between Jupiter and
Mars.
Some examples of
constellations are
URSA Major, URSA
Minor, and Pegasus.
Absolute magnitude
of a star is how a
person would see it
32.6 light years away.
The apparent
magnitude is rated by
brightest is 1.4 and
faintest is 6.
Parallax
An apparent change
in the direction of
an object.
Light-year
The distance that
light travels in a
vacuum in one
year.
The visible outer
layer of a star,
especially of the
sun.
151
152
Photosphere
153
Chromosphere
154
Corona
155
Sunspot
156
Binary star system
157
Main sequence
158
An incandescent,
transparent layer of
gas, lying above
and surrounding the
photosphere of a
star, such as the sun
A faintly colored
luminous ring
appearing to
surround a celestial
body visible
through a haze or
thin cloud.
Any of the
relatively cool dark
spots appearing
periodically in
groups on the
surface of the sun.
A stellar system
consisting of two
stars orbiting about
a common center of
mass.
A major grouping
of stars that forms a
relatively narrow
band from the
upper left to the
lower right.
A change in
observational position
that provides a new
line of sight is caused
by a parralax.
A light-year is about
5.88 trillion miles or
9.46 trillion
kilometers long.
The photosphere lies
just below the
chromosphere and just
above the convective
zone and has a
temperature of about
6,000 K.
The chromospher is
made up of mostly
hydrogen, and is
separate from corona.
The corona is the
teneous uppermost
layer of a star, and it
is directly above the
chronosphere.
I learned that sunspots
are associated with
strong magnetic
fields.
A binary star system
is often appearing as a
single visual or
telescopic object, and
is called a double star.
A star's position and
length of stay on the
main sequence depend
critically on mass.
Nebula
A diffuse mass of
interstellar dust or
gas or both.
Giant
Marked by
exceptionally great
size, magnitude, or
power.
The remnant of a
star that has
collapsed, having
an extremely dense
state with no empty
space between its
atoms.
Any of various very
large bright stars,
having a luminosity
that is thousands of
times greater than
that of the sun.
A city-sized
collapsed star made
mostly of closely
packed neutrons in
a state known as
neutron degenerate
matter.
An area of
space-time with a
gravitational field
so intense that its
escape velocity is
equal to or exceeds
the speed of light.
Large system of
stars held together
by mutual
gravitation and
isolated from
similar systems by
vast region of
space.
159
160
White dwarf
161
Supergiant
162
Neutron star
163
Black hole
164
Galaxy
165
Nebulas are visible as
luminous patches or
areas of darkness
depending on the way
the mass absorbs or
reflects incident
radiation.
A giant impact was
created by the meteor
hitting the earth, and
destroyed dinosaurs.
A white dwarf doesn't
reach the extremely
dense state of a
neutron star or black
hole.
I learned that some of
the supergiants are
Betelgeuse and Rigel,
and they are much
brighter than the sun.
Neutron stars have a
density of about 1014
g/cm3, or roughly a
million times that of
white dwarfs.
A black hole's
gravitational field is
so intense that no
electromagnetic
radiation can escape.
I learned that our
galaxy is called the
Milky Way galaxy in
science class.
Big Bang Theory
166
A cosmological
theory holding that
the universe
originated
approximately 20
billion years ago
from the violent
explosion.
The Big Bang
Theory's explosion is
created by a very
small agglomeration
of matter of extremely
high density and
temperature.