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Download House Divided -- Civil War 1861-1865 File
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U.S. History 8 A House Divided EQ: Which clashes and conflicts swayed the balance of power? Targeted Skills: Communication: Reading/Viewing/Listening gather information Information Literacy: Collect/Access Information make observations, record info in appropriate formats construct visual representations (maps) Evaluate Information draw conclusions, make inferences Enduring Understandings: The struggle to maintain a balance of power was at the heart of the Civil War. Concepts Important to Know and Understand: clashes and conflict Broad Brush Knowledge: U.S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Election of 1860, 1861-1865, Sherman’s March, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Fort Sumter, ironclads, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address Core Objectives: 1. Identify the traditional historical points of reference in U.S. history through 1877. 8. Describe the individuals, issues, and events of the Civil War. 10. Use geographic tools to collect, analyze, and interpret data. 11. Analyze the location and characteristics of places and regions of the United States, past and present. Instructions: Use your textbook (pages 467,478,479,501) and the following instructions to complete the map. ***You will need to draw CA; it does not need to be perfect. *** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Draw and label a Compass Rose Label the Confederate States Label the Union States Label the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Canada, and Mexico Label the territories The Election of Lincoln as president in 1860 was a turning point in relations between the North and the South. The South felt they no longer had a voice in national events or policies, they were now the minority. Moreover, as the minority, the South feared that Congress would take this opportunity to abolish slavery. Secession was in the air. Before Lincoln took the oath of office in March 1861, Southern states began to take steps to leave the Union. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to break away from the U.S. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas soon followed it. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas would later join these states in April of 1861. While many hoped that civil war could be avoided, the firing on the federal fort in South Carolina on April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor showed that the efforts at compromise were a failure. While no one was injured during this skirmish, Union forces were forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy. The Civil War had begun. 6. On your map, label Ft. Sumter. Updated 06/21/02 1 Soon the country was preparing for war. Lincoln called 75, 000 volunteers to serve the Union. His Confederate counterpart, Jefferson Davis, called for volunteers as well. President Lincoln and General Winfield Scott sat down and talked strategy. The result of this conversation was the Anaconda Plan (named for its resemblance to the death grip executed by this South American snake). Step 1 required a blockade surrounding the South by land and water to cut off its trade. In Step 2, the goal was to take control of the Mississippi River and divide the South into two regions so that neither side could help the other. Step 3 required the capture of Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy. Union blockades of southern ports led to a unique change in naval warfare, the ironclad ship. Confederates took an abandoned ship, the Merrimac, and outfitted it with iron plates so that it could go to battle with the Union ships that blockaded the coast. With the success of the Merrimac, the Union struck back with its own ironclad, the Monitor. Despite a skirmish between these two ships, which ended in a draw, the Union blockade held throughout the war. 7. Label Richmond, Virginia. Many Northeners felt that the rebellion could be crushed with the capture of the Confederate capital of Richmond. Union troops gathered in Washington, D.C. and prepared to march to Richmond. However, the troops would not make it that far. At a Virginia creek known as Bull Run, Union forces clashed with Southern forces on July 21, 1861. A group of politicians and society folks watched as the rebel lines held firm against the Union attack. Eventually, the inexperienced Union soldiers would flee the battlefield in a panic. Bull Run was an overwhelming victory for the South. For the North, it was a shocking blow. Any conceptions that this rebellion would end quickly were completely wiped out. This was going to be a long and bloody war. 8. Label Washington, D.C. 9. Label Bull Run. The Union war plan called on the North gaining control of the Mississippi River. General Ulysses S. Grant turned his attention to achieving this goal. After quick victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, Grant moved on to Shiloh, a small village where the Tennessee River flows into the Mississippi. At Shiloh on April 6, 1862, Grant was able to defeat the Confederate forces and gain control of the northern Mississippi River. However, the price of victory was steep. For the Confederacy, the death of General Albert S. Johnston of Texas was a great loss for it gave Grant an open door to the Mississippi. After Shiloh, Grant receives recognition for his skills on the battlefield. 10. Label Shiloh. 11. Label the Mississippi River. Updated 06/21/02 2 As the war waged on, the human toll became more pronounced. In September 1862, General Lee went on the offensive against Union forces by marching his troops into Maryland. Lee believed a Confederate victory in the North would crush the enemy’s morale. But luck was not on Lee’s side. His battle plans were lost and then retrieved by the enemy. On September 17, Union forces led by George McClellan pounded the severely outnumbered Confederate forces led by Robert E. Lee. Under cover of darkness, Lee and his troops slipped back across the Virginia border on September 18. Antietam was the single bloodiest day of battle in American history with 24,000 casualties. While both sides suffered severe losses, the North claimed the battle as a victory since the enemy had retreated. Antietam was politically important as well. President Lincoln needed a Union victory so he could issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The timing of the document’s release was crucial for Lincoln did not want the announcement to be viewed as a last ditch effort to save a losing Union. The Union victory at Antietam gave him the perfect opportunity. With the announcement, Great Britain and France shied away from the Confederacy. 12. Label Antietam. In spite of several defeats, the South was not ready to throw in the towel. Lee was willing to risk another invasion of the North in hopes of capturing a city and convincing the enemy to seek peace. Union and Confederate troops met up at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1, 1863. After three days of fighting, both sides faced great losses. But Robert E. Lee lost a third of his army and was forced to withdraw back to Virginia on July 4. This would mark the last time the Confederacy would ever invade the North. For the remaining months of the war, the South was only able to fight defensively. The war had reached its turning point. Several months later, Lincoln attended a ceremony dedicating the cemetery at the battle site. While Lincoln was not the main speaker, he used the occasion to give his noteworthy speech, the Gettysburg Address. In this speech, he honored the dead and reaffirmed the American ideals established in the Constitution. 13. Label Gettysburg. While the Battle of Gettysburg was being fought in Pennsylvania, Union forces under General Grant were moving on the town of Vicksburg, Mississippi, as they tried to gain complete control of the Mississippi River. For six weeks, the Confederacy was able to hold off the Union siege (a prolonged attack on a fortified place by an army in order to capture it) that bombarded them on land and on the river by building trenches in the bluffs overlooking the river. Once food and supplies were gone, the Confederate forces surrendered on July 4, 1863. The Confederacy was now divided in two and another turning point in the war had been reached. 14. Label Vicksburg. Updated 06/21/02 3 Grant believed in total warfare (war on the enemy’s will to fight and its ability to support an army). Therefore, he sent orders to his generals to inflict all the damage they could on the enemy’s war resources. General William Tecumseh Sherman reached Atlanta (the South’s most important rail and manufacturing center) in September 1864, and promptly set the city ablaze. After burning Atlanta, Sherman continued on his march to the sea through Georgia and into the Carolinas destroying everything in sight. By the end of October, a steady path of destruction through the three states was complete. All focus then turned to Richmond. After nine months of battering Lee’s forces, Grant’s army was able to break through Confederate lines to capture the city. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. While the Civil War was now over, it did take some time before the news spread through the entire country. On May 13, 1865, Confederate forces defeated Union forces at Palmito Ranch (near Brownsville, Texas). The Confederate forces learned that General Lee had surrendered a month before. 15. 16. 17. 18. Label Sherman’s March. Label Appomattox Courthouse. Label Palmito Ranch. Color the Union States Confederate States Territories Border States Updated 06/21/02 4 Fill in the missing parts of the Battle Chart from the information you just read. Date Battle April 12, 1861 July 21, 1861 Victor Confederacy Antietam (Maryland) Union gained control of the northern Mississippi Union July 1- 4, 1863 July 4, 1863 (6 weeks) Turning point of the war; Confederates would never again invade the North; Gettysburg Address Vicksburg (Mississippi) Union Sherman’s March (Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina) April 9, 1865 total warfare; destroyed everything useful to the South Union Palmito Ranch Updated 06/21/02 beginning of the Civil War 1st Bull Run (Virginia) Shiloh (Tennessee) September 17-18, 1862 Significance South won the battle but had already lost the war 5 Confederate States Union States Border States Territories Battles Capitals Updated 1/25/02 6