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World History Segment 1 Final Exam Review PLEASE SIGN IN WITH YOUR FIRST AND LAST NAME, AND YOUR TEACHERS NAME! EACH LESSON IS NOTED THROUGHOUT THE REVIEW SO YOU CAN GO BACK TO RE-READ THAT MATERIAL IF YOU NEED Module 1 Outline Monotheistic Religions Spread of Islam Start of Byzantine Empire Expansion and Achievements during the Byzantine Empire Collapse of Byzantine Empire Monotheistic Religions (1.02) Monotheistic Religions Christianity, Judaism, and ?? (Write in the chat box) Similarities: All believe in _?__ God, have same roots, all have divisions within (Christianity: Baptists, Lutherans, etc. - Islam: Sunni (elect) and Shiite (blood)) Differences: Prophets (Jesus, Muhammad); Some beliefs/practices (sacraments, Five Pillars of Faith) Spread of Islam (1.03) Islam spread through Military conquest and Trade First Spread was Muhammad: Fled Mecca to Medina. He then conquered Mecca. Beginning of Islamic Empire in around city of Mecca. The first four rulers to follow spread Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula as well as Persia, Syria and much of Egypt. The next spread was under the Umayyad Caliphate. Spread Islam across North Africa and into what is now Spain as well as northern India. Lastly, a group of people called Mongols pushed into India and overthrew the Delhi Sultanate there and started a Muslim Empire in India. This angered the Hindus of India and only for a short time did the two groups live in peace under Islamic ruler, Akbar. Social Classes of Islamic Empire Muslim Arabs: most privileged and paid less in taxes Muslim Non-Arabs : paid more in taxes than Muslim Arabs Dhimmis: People of the Book, referring to Jews and Christians who based their faiths on the Bible; higher status than slaves but did not have equal rights to Muslims Slaves: lower status Creation of Byzantine Empire (1.05) Roman Emperor Constantine set up an Eastern Capital to the Roman Empire: Constantinople. (Rome -Western Capital, Constantinople-Eastern Capital) Constantine converted to Christianity and it became the major religion under him and spread because it unified diverse groups of people in the region. People in the East still thought of themselves as part of Roman Empire and both empires shared similar laws and traditions. Disputes: The Byzantine Emperor was head of religious and political aspects of the empire (everything). But in western part of Empire, Pope was leader of Church and King as leader of political matters. Caused 2 disputes: Iconoclasm controversy: whether images of people should be part of church worship. - Supported use: The Pope, West and East bishops, John of Damascus (leader) - Against use (Iconoclasts): Emperor of East, The Byzantine Orthodox Church The Great Schism: The issue over unleavened bread and the power of the pope. Pope Leo IX sent representatives to Constantinople wanting acknowledgement that the pope was superior and Rome was the head of the Christian church. The leaders in this meeting ended up excommunicating one another. This event marks the Great Schism, or split, in Christianity between East and West. The Church in the West became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church continued to grow in the East, based in Constantinople. Byzantine Empire Achievement and Expansion (1.06) Architecture: hippodrome, aqueduct. The Church: Hagia Sophia Cultural: copying and preserving of Roman and Greek texts. Kept learning and culture alive! Economically: maintained trade link between Europe and Asia Politically: Justinian I, an emperor known for his legal code (laws). He also conquered and expanded the empire through his general, Belisarius. Justinian’s wife Theodora, used her influence to further many of her causes. For example, she changed strict divorce laws to give more benefits to women. Collapse of Byzantine Empire (1.07) Collapse New Empire Justinian’s general, Belisarius, left the Ottoman Empire replaced Byzantine army scattered across the Byzantine and set up their capital empire. Thin lines of defense in many at Constantinople after taking the areas left the empire open to attack. city. Latin Crusaders turning against the Changed religion to Islam Byzantines leading to a loss of Focused expansion toward the territory West due to important religious Competition in trade (Pope Innocent and trade power. gave merchants in Venice a license to Under leader Suleyman I the trade with Muslims) Ottoman Empire added more land Finally, the Ottoman Turks launched and became very powerful. an all-out attack on Constantinople. After hours of intense fighting, the Ottomans managed to lay many ladders against the walls, which allowed their soldiers to climb into the city. Constantinople was a desired city to hold due to its location being the perfect trade spot between Europe and Asia. Module 2 Outline Medieval Social Structure/Feudalism Rulers and the Church during Medieval Times The Crusades Medieval Arts and Literature Guilds and changing economies Developing National Identities East Asia (Japan) Medieval Hierarchy (2.01) Feudalism: Feudalism is derived from word "fief." Fiefs are tracts of land that powerful people leased to less powerful people. These land grants were the foundation of the rural medieval social structure and functioned like small villages. Medieval Rulers and Religion (2.02) Medieval Rulers – uniting small kingdoms Clovis: The most notable Merovingian ruler who united most of the Franks under his rule in the late fifth century. Charlemagne: Leader of France who united many of the former Roman Empire lands and was eventually crowned that too Holy Roman Emperor. He expanded Christian influence his empire. He was a champion of the Roman ideals of law, universality, and justice. Otto I: Otto I began by uniting the feudal kingdoms of Germany under his reign. Otto ruled in part by granting greater power to Church authorities, specifically bishops and monastic abbots, in order to weaken the power of the dukes William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, In 1066 he led a powerful force of Frenchmen across the English Channel and into England. He defeated the English, and William became William I, King of England. The Viking Threat The Vikings were fierce warriors who emerged from Scandinavia and wreaked havoc across European kingdoms, plundering villages and towns. The Vikings helped establish the culture of the region by blending together Norse influences with Christianity and other traditions The Medieval Church Medieval monasteries were not only centers of religion but also centers of learning. Monks studied language, mathematics, music, and other subjects and began schooling others. The most remarkable illuminated (decorated) manuscripts came from the hands of the monastics. One was The Book of Kells which contains the New Testament of the Bible, including the four Gospels. Monastic scholars copied ancient Greek and Roman texts and recorded new histories as well. Some, such as St. Thomas Aquinas , tried to bridge the gap between ancient Greek and Roman philosophies and Christian faith. They started a school of thought known as scholasticism: used reason to defend religious faith. Modern universities began as monastic and cathedral schools. The Crusades (2.03) In 1095, Emperor Alexius I of the Byzantine Empire appealed to Pope Urban II for help in defending against the invading Muslim Turks. Pope Urban agreed and called for a military expedition to retake the Holy Land from the Turks, whom he called infidels. The Crusades was not a single army, war, movement, or effort. Rather, the series of events, battles, and movements that are collectively called the Crusades took place over the course of nearly 200 years. Altogether, most historians account for eight Crusades. The 1st Crusade (The People’s Crusade) is noteworthy because it was basically average people fighting. In 1096, a French monk named Peter the Hermit pulled together a disorganized army of peasants and soldiers with his fiery sermons (most were killed). In the mid-12th century, the Turkic ruler Saladin rose to lead the Seljuk Turks and succeeded in uniting the fragmented Muslim armies of Southwest Asia and North Africa. To Saladin, the Christian armies were the infidels that had to be evicted. Even though Europe lost control of the Holy Land, the Crusades benefited Europe in a number of ways : it opened up trade in new places, knowledge and technologies were shared which ultimately helped to usher in Europe’s Age of Exploration and led to nearly five centuries of European cultural and economic dominance. Medieval Arts and Literature (2.04) ART: Religious, no perspective but improvement from previous periods of history LITERATURE: Examples= Beowulf: About a monster, helped to influenced the English language; The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer: provides a humorous view of people living during the Middle Ages. ARCHITECTURE: Gothic (characterized by very high ceilings, flying buttresses, large stained glass windows, and pointed arches) architecture became common MUSIC: Homophonic( where all voices sing together, without harmony) Changes in Medieval European Economy and Guilds (2.05) During the High Middle Ages, in the 900s and 1000s, the economic system in Europe began to change. To gain more farmland, lords had their peasants clear forests and drain swamps. Lords also supported the building of more large structures, such as cathedrals. All of this work stimulated the economy and promoted urbanization. (more town-like) Merchant and Craft guilds formed guilds to benefit their members and to serve their clients. They helped to establish trading territories. They obtained charters (contracts) from feudal lords that granted them rights to regulate trade in a specific urban center. The guild also supported its members, providing aid when needed and caring for family members. They worked together to secure their goods, wagons, horses, and other property. Developing National Identities (2.06) The system of feudalism had created a patchwork of many small towns clustered around castles or other places of local authority across Europe. As feudalism began to unravel, monarchs started to gobble up the small feudal towns and provinces into larger kingdoms. France: Hugh Capet: increased French territory governed from a central location in Paris. Later Joan of Arc, a 13 yr. old girl who led an attack against the English Army during the 100 Year War, became a symbol of the unification of France and played a key role in helping France regain a national identity because everyone identified with her and with their newly-strengthened country England: Alfred the Great: strengthened the army, built a navy, and constructed fortresses all over England. Gradually he was seen as not just king of one part of the country, but king of all England; one single leader. Later in England, The nobles of England forced the King to sign a document: The Magna Carta. Many of the ideas first written in the Magna Carta would later form the basis of modern democracy. It was the first document to limit the powers of the monarchy Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella: Because they came from different places, the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in the late 15th century helped to unify the peninsula religiously, linguistically, and ultimately, nationally. Medieval Japan (2.07) Adopted lots from the Chinese: Buddhism, written symbols, and also imitated their politics and created a central government Samurai’s were their warrior class. Japan tended to lean towards isolationism as their foreign policy. The attempted invasions by the Mongos (and Korea) made them eventually turn away from China. Later, as westerners and Christian missionaries began traveling to the country, Japan once again turned to isolationism until the 1800s. Module 3 Outline West African Kingdoms Africa (bigger picture) Mesoamerican and South American civilizations West African Kingdoms (3.01) Who: Ghana, Mali, Songhai Social: Example from Mali: Mansa Musa, leader of Mali went to Mecca and introduced Arab architecture, which changed the way the people built their homes and he brought his empire of Mali to the attention of the Muslim world. Example from Songhai: It was the largest empire of the three and actually had a hierarchical system Political: Example: The founder of the Mali Empire was a man named Sundiata. He unified many of the Mandé chiefs to fight a rival, the Soso Kingdom. Sundiata won, and the Mali Empire began. Example: Sundiata: the founder of the Mali Empire, organized many of the Mandé chiefs to fight a rival, the Soso Kingdom. Example: Sunni Ali the Great: founder of the Songhai empire, led the Songhai in conquering the cities of Mema and Timbuktu. Religion: Traditional religion coexisted with Islam. For example, in Ghana people were animists which meant they believed that individual spirits that inhabit natural objects and phenomena Intellectual: Scholars from all over the Muslim world came to Timbuktu to study (Mali). In Songhai, Islamic scholars visited and influenced neighboring lands. Islam played an important role in the intellectual realm. Technological: Mining: Gold, salt Economic: Trade! All over Africa! Gold (source of wealth) for Salt. Downfall: Songhai military defeats inspired revolts against the ruling family (internal); MaliInternal fighting over succession; Ghana- Expanded north due to climate changes, but became an easier target for desert nomads in the Sahara Big Picture Africa (3.02) As the populations of the western kingdoms grew, overpopulation caused citizens to migrate east and south to build new empires! All depended on salt trade as their source of wealth but this also allowed them to become vulnerable to foreign manipulation and invasion with those they traded with. All became mostly Islamic in religion and trade with Arabs affected the development of these African kingdoms economically (trade of salt was a source of wealth) and politically (as many kingdoms fell to invasions by them eventually). Early Mesoamerican Civilizations (3.03) These cultures greatly influenced other cultures long before the arrival of Europeans. Olmec Zapotec Chavin Moche Nazca What’s the difference between a mother culture and a sister culture? Maya, Inca, Aztec (3.04 and 3.05) Maya The Maya recorded astronomical data and had a hieroglyphic writing system. Mayan writing and calendars show a strong Zapotec influence. Religion and astronomy deeply influenced daily life. The Maya had a strong mathematical system that allowed them to be successful in trade as well. Pacal the Great became the king of the Mayan city of Palenque through a female; as a result, he believed that he must legitimize his claim to the throne to add stability to his reign by displaying texts stating Pacal’s royal ancestry as well as his image on every new building. Pacal ruled for about 67 years, during which he expanded Palenque's power in the western Maya states Aztec -Aztec social structure was divided by social class and an individual could rise in social class through personal success. The Aztecs believed in many gods and had several ritual calendars that marked specific holiday observations (a difference from the others). The Aztecs took human sacrifice to an extreme and often had mass human sacrifices. Moctezuma I, a ruler of the Aztecs, would even start wars just to capture more prisoners for this practice. The priests carried out blood-letting and human sacrifice ceremonies. After the Spanish conquered, their history was recorded by Spanish missionaries. Inca Record tells of a large and warlike nation in the Andes that numbered 15,000,000 at the time of the conquest. From conquered populations, the Incas demanded a tax of labor. This tax could be paid with military service, construction work, or agriculture work. Unlike pre-Columbian civilizations, Incans received basic necessities in exchange for government work so the lower class, the ones doing the projects, were taken care of. Huayna Capac , 11th ruler of the Incas, is known for significantly expanding the Incan Empire. Module 4 Outline Pandemics and Epidemics The Renaissance The Reformation/Counter-Reformation Exploration and Discovery Slavery Science, Rebirth, and Plagues (4.01) A global or very widespread occurrence of a disease is called a pandemic. While both developed nations and developing nations are at risk during a pandemic, developing nations have an added risk of spreading disease due to poor sanitation and crowding in cities that often exists. In addition, many of the world’s poorest nations simply do not have the money or the medical supplies to stop or slow down pandemics. A disease that is confined to a limited location is called an epidemic. Today, infectious diseases travel at jet-plane speed The bubonic plague or Black Death, which killed about 50% of Europe’s population in the mid-1300s, was one of the worst pandemics ever known. Black rats caught bubonic plague from other species of rats that were infested with plague-carrying fleas. When infected rats died, the fleas hopped off them and onto other rats—or nearby humans. The Great Plague began with infected black rats in Asia were slowly carried to port cities in the Middle East and then to Europe. The plague moved inland and across the continent on people carrying infected fleas. This pandemic happened through trade routes. Italian City States (4.02) Italy was not a unified country. Instead, it was a collection of smaller kingdoms and city-states. Religion, trade, climate, and agriculture were all features of Italy that allowed it to develop citystates before the rest of Europe. -Venice: First city state due to its ideal location on the Adriatic Sea -Rome and Florence: Major for the arts and culture -Naples: Trade due to it being the southern most city-state The Renaissance (4.03) One of the most important aspects of the Renaissance (which means "rebirth") was a shift in thinking. Humanism is a system of thought that gives the most importance to human rather than divine matters. During the Renaissance, humanism placed new value on the individual. Humanists believed that ideas, art, and inventions were valuable in themselves, not just for the glorification of God, and that there could be less emphasis on religion. Humanism allowed artists to paint portraits of secular, non-religious people and places. Writers could write literature in the vernacular (language) of the people and not just in Latin. Other Renaissance thinkers were able to create inventions and building projects that benefitted people now and made everyday life easier. As part of humanist study, scholars started seeking out the classic works of poetry, history, and even mathematics. As for art, oil painting was refined and the result was bright, lifelike art that depicted everyday life. Classic (Greek and Roman) art techniques were also used again. Example: Chiaroscuro: an artistic effect used in painting, contrasting light and shade. Reintroduced from the Greeks. The Reformation & Counter-Reformation (4.04) The Roman Catholic Church was a very powerful institution during the Middle Ages. The Church affected people’s everyday lives in countless ways and was the only religious authority. By the 1500s, though, the call for reform became urgent. These calls led to a movement called the Reformation. The leaders and followers of the movement later became known as Protestants. These reformers pushed for an end to religious corruption and an increased focus on religion and the teachings of the Bible. The Catholic Church’s response to the reformers was known as the Counter-Reformation. Leaders of Reformation: John Wycliffe: believed that the Bible, not the pope, was the highest source of religious authority; people should be able to read the Bible for themselves Jan Hus: attacked the sale of indulgences as a sinful practice. The Church allowed people to buy indulgences as a substitute for penance and prayer. Erasmus: In his theological works, he publically exposed and criticized the papacy and singled out corruption in the Church. Martin Luther: humans gained salvation through faith alone, rather than through faith and good works, such as prayer and acts of charity John Calvin: believed that there should be no separation between politics and religion, and that Christians should build an ideal state The Counter-Reformation: A. Council of Trent- Called by the Roman Catholic Church to correct abuses and fight corruption. B. Spread Catholic Faith. Can be seen through the great missionary works of Ignatius of Loyola. C. The Index of Forbidden Books to control information. Exploration and Discovery (4.05 and 4.06) Why Explore: Gold, Glory, God - Initial Exploration to Africa and India (Portugal a big leader in this – for trade reasons) New World Discovered and Motivations - France: focused on trade - England : focused on settling and starting colonies - Spain: more in South America. Enslaved natives, spread religion, gold. Effects of These Worlds Colliding - Columbian Exchange: From America- Corn, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, peanuts, and tobacco all traveled to the rest of the world. From Europe brought back to Americadomesticated animals, the horse which allowed for greater mobility of the natives, and of course disease! Slavery (4.07) Desire and large demand for slaves and free labor in the Americas after disease killed many of the natives (were the first used for slavery) Slaves were captured and traded from West Africa who benefited greatly from this new trade and actually accrued more wealth and health. Made their way to the Americas on the Middle Passage (across the Atlantic)