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America Claims an Empire
Chapter Ten
Chapters in Brief - Questions
1. What factors shaped American imperialism?
2. How did the United States gain control of former
Spanish colonies?
3. How did the United States administer its newfound
territories?
4. How did Roosevelt assert American power?
Chapters in Brief - Answers
1. What factors shaped American imperialism?
> economic competition for raw materials
and new markets
> political and military competition for power
> an ideology that considered English culture
superior to others
2. How did the United States gain control of former
Spanish colonies?
> the United States entered a war against
Spain in 1898 and won Puerto Rico
> it also purchased the Philippines
> took a dominant role in Cuba
Chapters in Brief - Answers
3. How did the United States administer its new found
territories?
> Puerto Rico became a territory of the
United States, which chose its government
> in Cuba, the United States secured passage
of a new constitution that gave it the right to
step in if it desired
> in the Philippines, the United States fought
Filipinos seeking to win full independence
Chapters in Brief - Answers
4. How did Roosevelt assert American power?
> by leading negotiations to end a war between
Russia and Japan
> by sending a fleet around the world
> by helping Panama win independence so the
United States could build the Panama Canal
Chapters in Brief - Overview
To compete with other
powers, America gains
colonies overseas, although
some Americans object.
American Empire Objective
to understand how
individuals and events
moved the United States into
the role of a world power
Chapter Ten – Section One
Imperialism and America
Chapters in Brief
At the end of the 1800s, the United States joined the global trend to
acquire lands overseas. Nations of Europe had taken control of almost all
of Africa. Japan was seizing colonies in Asia. The United States competed
with other nations to gain a trade foothold in China. Three factors pushed
the United States to join the grab for land:

Economic competition for raw materials and markets for its
manufactured goods

Political and military competition, based in part on the creation
of a powerful new navy

A belief in the racial and cultural superiority of the people of
England and their descendants – which led many Americans to
believe that the United States had a mission to spread
civilization and Christianity
Chapters in Brief
Many Americans opposed the imperialist trend. They objected on
moral practical grounds. They felt that the taking of colonies was
not right or would cost too much.
The first territory acquired with Alaska followed by Hawaii, where a
number of Americans had established large successful sugar
plantations. Through a change in Hawaii’s constitution, these
planters came to control the government. In 1893, Hawaii’s queen
tried to change the constitution, and the planters seized control of
the island. President Grover Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii, but
his successor, William McKinley, did. Hawaii became a territory of
the United States in 1898.
American Expansionism


Americans had always sought to expand the size of their nation
By 1880s, many American leaders had become convinced that the US should
join the imperialist powers of Europe and establish colonies overseas
Imperialism:



the policy in which stronger nations extend
their economic, political, or military control
over weaker territories
Europe had been establishing colonies for centuries
Africa was a prime target (only two countries – Ethiopia and Liberia - were
independent)
Competed in Asia (China)
American Expansionism

Imperialism grew on most Americans
(Manifest Destiny)

Three Factors Fueled American
Imperialism:
1. Desire for military strength
2. Wanting new markets
3. Belief in cultural superiority
Desire for Military Strength

Military expansion of
European powers led U.S.
do the same

Admiral Alfred T. Mahan
– urged government to
build up its naval power
– U.S. built 9 steel-hulled
cruisers between 1883
and 1890
– 3rd largest naval power
in the world
Thirst For New Markets
overproduction in the
U.S. led to the view that
factories needed raw
materials from abroad
 surplus U.S. products
needed to be sold in new
markets
 Imperialists thought it
was a solution to
unemployment /
depression

Belief in Cultural Superiority

cultural factors also were used
to justify imperialism
Three Factors:
1. Social Darwinism philosophy
“survival of the fittest”
2. belief in the racial and cultural
superiority of Anglo-Saxons
3. U.S. had a “responsibility” to
expand and spread Christianity
and civilization to the world’s
“inferior people”
The United States Acquires Alaska
ALASKA
Seward’s Folly: 1867
The United States Acquires Alaska
Alaska

William Seward – Secretary of
State under Abraham Lincoln
and Andrew Johnson

1867 - U.S. bought Alaska from
Russia for $7.2 million
– 2 cents an acre

some though it was silly…
”Seward’s Folly”

1959 Alaska became a state
The United States Takes Hawaii
Hawaii
The United States Takes Hawaii
Protectorate: a country
whose affairs
are partially
controlled by
a stronger
power
• Protectorate in 1849
• military naval base at Pearl
Harbor in 1887 – kingdoms
best port
The United States Takes Hawaii
• businesses organized a
revolution against
Queen Liliuokalani
• she proposed
removing property
requirements from
voting
The United States Takes Hawaii
• Marines helped overthrow the Queen
• President Cleveland refused to consider
annexation - had unsuccessfully ordered her
throne restored
• McKinley takes over and favors annexation of
Hawaii (1898)
• 1959 Hawaii becomes the 50th state
Imperialism and America


Alternative Title: “Vote Republican if you want four more years of order
and prosperity”
Slogan that follows the causes of Imperialism: “feelings of cultural
superiority of the white
Anglo-Saxon people
Imperialism Radio Newscast
1.
Pick a partner
2.
Write a “radio newscast” about Imperialism that will be
presented to the class. Write it in “play format” as to who will
speak which part.
3.
Include the following:
a. mention the economic, social, and political aspects that
started imperialism
b. mention the impact of acquiring Alaska and Hawaii
c. talk about the way Hawaii came under United States
control
d. no limit on length – be sure to include all topics
have FUN and get CREATIVE!
Essential Question:
Explain the economic and
cultural factors that fueled the
growth of American imperialism?
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.
The Spanish-American War
(1898)
Bell-Ringer:
When you read something (i.e. newspaper) how can you tell
if what you are reading is factual or not? Have you ever read
or seen a news source that was false or exaggerated?
Chapters in Brief
The United States had established close commercial ties to
Cuba, still a Spanish colony. In 1895, Jose Marti launched a
renewed drive for Cuban independence. He hoped to force
American intervention, but opinion in the United States was
divided.
Spain sent an army to Cuba. Its commander put 300,000
Cubans in concentration camps while he tried to defeat the
army of independence. American newspaper reports
exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban
people. As more people began to clamor for giving aid to the
Cubans, President McKinley tried to find a peaceful solution.
Spain moderated its policies and granted limited self-rule to
Cuba. The issue seemed to be dying down.
Chapters in Brief
Then, two incidents fanned the fire. A newspaper published a Spanish
diplomat’s criticism of McKinley. Worse, a U.S. warship, the battleship
Maine, mysteriously blew up in Havana’s harbor. No one knew why the
explosion occurred, but newspapers blamed Spain and the cry for war
became too strong to resist. The first battle of the war took place in the
Philippines, another Spanish possession. Admiral George Dewey
destroyed the Spanish fleet there, and U.S. army units joined Filipino
rebels. The Spanish in the Philippines surrendered. In Cuba, an American
army—despite being ill-prepared — won a decisive battle. Press accounts
gave great fame to Theodore Roosevelt, who led a volunteer cavalry troop
known as the “Rough Riders.” Within two days, a naval battle resulted in
destruction of the Spanish fleet and Spanish surrender in Cuba. Spain
quickly agreed to a peace that granted Cuba its independence and gained
the United States the islands of Puerto Rico and Guam and the
Philippines. By the time the Treaty of Paris was approved, the United
States had an empire.
The Spanish – American War
April – December 10th
1898
A global war - fought physically in:
the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
The Spanish-American War Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IU5l4yQCpMM
American Interest
in Cuba
I. Background and Causes
 United States had long held an interest in Cuba
 American capitalists began investing millions of dollars in large
sugar cane plantations
 American business owners urged U.S. intervention to protect
American business interests in Cuba because Jose Marti
launched a revolution – guerrilla campaign and deliberately
destroyed American-owned sugar mills and plantations

De Lôme letter angered the American public because of its
criticism of President McKinley (“weak” and “a bidder for the
admiration of the crowd”)
Headline Wars
Yellow Journalism:
sensationalist news
reporting meant to sway
public opinion
– Hearst and Pulitzer had
been trying to lure and
enrage readers by writing
exaggerated news
– talked about the brutality
(poisoned wells / children
being thrown to the sharks)
– deepened American
sympathy for the rebels
The Spanish – American War
(continued)
** yellow journalists are able to influence American’s
opinions on foreign policy by presenting an
exaggerated version of the truth in order to
manipulate the emotions of their readers **
The U.S.S. Maine Explodes
“Remember the Maine”
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only a few days after the publication
of the de Lome letter, American
resentment toward Spain turned to
outrage
President McKinley ordered the
U.S. S. Maine to Cuba to bring
home American citizens in danger
from the fighting and to protect
American property
on February 15, 1898, the U.S.S.
Maine exploded in the harbor of
Havana
newspapers claimed the Spanish had
blown up the ship
led McKinley to ask Congress to
declare war
War with Spain Erupts

April 20th the United States
declared war on Spain

battle took place in the
Philippine Islands

Commodore George Dewey
destroyed the Spanish fleet at
Manila within hours of attack

showed superiority of Navy

in two months, the Spanish
surrendered to the U.S.
The War in the Caribbean




hostilities began with a naval blockade of
Cuba
navy was strong…army had a small
professional force (more volunteers)
army lacked supplies and good leaders –
civil war veterans who would rather recall
their experiences instead of training the
volunteers
Despite these handicaps, American forces
landed in Cuba in June 1898
Rough Riders: volunteer cavalry under the
command of “Teddy”
Roosevelt and Leonard Wood



won San Juan hill with help from two
African American Regiments
victory in July
invaded Puerto Rico on July 25th
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris (1898)
 the treaty ending the Spanish-American War
 armistice (cease fire) on August 12th
 fighting lasted 15 weeks
 freed Cuba from Spain
 Guam and Puerto Rico given to the United States
 Philippines sold to the U.S. for $20 million
The Spanish – American War
Guam – 170,000
Puerto Rico – 4,000,000 (27th largest)
Northern Mariana Islands – 84,000
U.S. Virgin Islands – 112,000
Yellow Journalism Activity

Individually, create a news story using “Yellow
Journalism”
– it can be a modern story taken from modern head lines
(think current events / current news)
– stories should be rooted in reality!
– do not create simple lies

Underline the parts you are exaggerating

It should be a page to a page and a half long
Essential Question:
Describe the terms of the
Treaty of Paris.
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.
Chapter Ten – Section Three
Acquiring New Lands
In the early 1900s, the United States engaged in conflicts
in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines
Chapters in Brief
Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence, but others were willing to accept
being an American territory. Still others wanted to become a state. The
Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans were not American citizens. In 1917,
Congress granted that right to Puerto Ricans and allowed them to choose their
legislature. But it still denied statehood to the island. For the first four years
after the end of the war, the U.S. army remained in Cuba. It imprisoned
Cubans who protested American presence, but it also fed the hungry and
helped wipe out yellow fever, a fatal disease. The United States insisted that
the new Cuban constitution grant the United States privileges. Many
American businesses had invested heavily in the island, and they wanted their
property protected. These provisions were agreed to—reluctantly—and Cuba
became independent but partly under U.S. control. Filipinos—who had been
fighting for independence for years—were outraged that the United States had
annexed their islands. Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo led an armed revolt
against the Americans. In a war that lasted three years, the American army
used some of the same tactics that the Spanish had used in Cuba. The revolt
was finally suppressed in 1902. The islands finally gained independence in
1946.
Chapters in Brief
Imperialists hoped to use the Philippines as a way of gaining a
foothold in Asia. The main goal was to build business ties with
China. European nations and Japan had forced the Chinese to give
them valuable trade benefits. Secretary of State John Hay
announced the Open Door policy that opened China to the trade of
any nation. This policy increased American presence in Asia. A brief,
bloody Chinese uprising against western influence—the Boxer
Rebellion—was put down by western forces. The United States then
issued stronger safeguards of equal trade with China. President
McKinley—who supported this imperialist expansion—won reelection in 1900. Many, but not all, Americans favored the expansion
of American power.
Ruling Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (1898 – 1916)
Alejandro Javier Garcia Padilla
Governor of Puerto Rico (2015)

not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence
- some wanted statehood or American
territory

strategically important for maintaining a
presence in the Caribbean and protecting a
future canal across the Isthmus of Panama

1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act
Foraker Act: the U.S. ended military rule in
Puerto Rico and set up a civil
government
Cuba and the United States
Cuba 1898 – 1903
 when the U.S. declared war against
Spain in 1898, it recognized Cuba’s
independence from Spain

Teller Amendment - no intention of
taking over any part of Cuba

Treaty of Paris gave independence

still occupied by troops after the war
Cuba and the United States


in early 1900, the newly formed Cuban government wrote a
constitution for the independent Cuba
constitution did not specify the relationship between Cuba
and the United States
Platt Amendment: specified Cuba – American relationship



U.S. would not take out troops until the Platt Amendment
was adopted
Cuba became a U.S. protectorate
(similar to that of a colony)
Remember “ a Protectorate is a country whose affairs are
partially controlled by a stronger power”
Filipinos Rebel
The Philippines 1898 - 1945
– took Americans nearly three
– Philippines outraged at the
years to put down the
Treaty of Paris - thought U.S.
rebellion
promised independence
– February 1899 Filipinos revolted – after putting down the
rebellion, a government
– led by Emilio Aguinaldo and
similar to Puerto Rico was
used guerrilla tactics
established
– U.S. took on role the Spanish had
– became an independent
- forced Filipinos to live in
republic on July 4th, 1946
designated zones where poor
sanitation, starvation, and disease
killed thousands
– U.S. used the very same practice
that Americans had condemned
Spain for using in Cuba
Foreign Influence in China
China Open Door Policy (1900)
 U.S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a
gateway to the rest of Asia
 Concerned that China would be carved into
colonies = shut out of American traders
 U.S. Secretary of State (John Hay) issued
a series of policy statements in 1899
Open Door Notes: messages sent to
Germany, Russia,
Great Britain, France,
Italy, and Japan
proposing countries
share trading rights

No one would have a monopoly on any one
part of China (Open Door Policy)
The Boxer Rebellion in China


Resentment of European dominance
in China’s large cities
Chinese formed secret societies –
pledged to rid country of “foreign
devils”
Boxer Rebellion: rebellion in which
members of a Chinese
secret society sought
to free their country
from Western influence

Boxers killed hundreds of
missionaries and other foreigners, as
well as Chinese converts to
Christianity
Protecting American Rights


After the Boxer Rebellion, the United States feared that
European nations would use their victory to take even greater
control of China
John Hay issued a second series of Open Door Notes
– U.S. “would safeguard for the world the principle of equal
and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire”
– open door for more American influence in Asia
Three American Beliefs – U.S. Industrial Capitalist Economy
1. growth of U.S. economy depended on exports
2. U.S. had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets
open
3. feared that closing of an area to American products, citizens, or
ideas threatened U.S. survival
Imperialism Trading Cards
Imperialism Trading Cards

Your task is to create a “trading card” for each of the major territorial
gains made by the United States during this era (Chapter 10.3) – be
creative / colorful
1.
2.
Pick a partner or work individually
Create a “trading card” for each region
* Puerto Rico
* Philippines
* Cuba
* China
The front side should contain an image or symbol about the country
or region being taken over.
The back side should contain the real content:
* Conflicts in the country
* Resolution in the country
* Legislation from Washington D.C.
3.
4.
Essential Question:
Do you think that the Open
Door notes policy was beneficial
to the United States? Justify
your answer.
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.
Chapter Ten – Section Four
America as a World Power
Chapters in Brief
As part of the increased Americans role in world affairs, President
Theodore Roosevelt acted as peacemaker to end a war between
Japan and Russia. He also sent a fleet of navy ships to sail around
the world, showing American power. Roosevelt’s major action was to
ensure the building of the Panama Canal. The canal was wanted to
link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, cutting travel time for merchant
ships—and for U.S. navy ships. Panama then was a province of
Colombia, but won its independence in a U.S.-supported revolt. The
new nation gave the United States land to build a canal.
It took ten years to build the 50-mile-long canal, and it was a
success from the start. But Roosevelt’s actions caused ill will toward
the United States throughout Latin America. The president warned
European nations to keep their hands off Latin America. He also
announced his intention to intervene whenever political turbulence
in Latin America threatened U.S. business. President Taft took such
Chapters in Brief
President Taft took such a step in 1911, sending troops to Nicaragua. In
1913, President Woodrow Wilson took a moral tone in Latin American
policy. He said that the United States would refuse to recognize any Latin
American government that was oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed U.S.
interests. A revolution in Mexico quickly tested this policy. Conservatives
favored by U.S. businesses that invested in Mexico seized the Mexican
government. Wilson used a minor incident to send troops to Veracruz.
When a new leader took power in Mexico, Wilson withdrew the troops.
Trouble did not end. A revolt against the new Mexican government by
Francisco “Pancho” Villa involved the United States. Wilson sent General
John J. Pershing to pursue Villa and punish him for the death of some
Americans. The American soldiers clashed with units of the Mexican army,
straining relations. Finally, they were withdrawn. The incident revealed
Americans’ willingness to assert their power in the western hemisphere.
America as a World Power
Teddy Roosevelt and the World

Roosevelt became President in 1901
when William McKinley was
assassinated

Roosevelt wants to stop imperial
powers from controlling the world’s
political and economic destiny

built on the Open Door notes—
increase American influence in East
Asia by mediating a settlement
between Russia and Japan
Roosevelt the Peacemaker





Russo – Japanese War
Russia and Japan were imperialist
powers competing for control of
Korea
Japan won a series of battles
(running low on men and money)
Japan asked Theodore Roosevelt
to mediate negotiations
Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1906 for his
successful efforts in negotiating the
Treaty of Portsmouth
U.S. and Japanese interests
expanded in East Asia
Panama Canal
Panama Canal Video

http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/ma
tt-lauer-sails-the-panama-canal/64iq9zz
Panama Canal

many Americans felt that the United
States needed a canal cutting across
Central America

shortcut needed between Atlantic and
Pacific to reduce travel time for
commercial and military ships
Columbia ruled Panama (negotiations
failed)
 Panama rebellion organized against
Columbia
 1903 – U.S. warships present as
Panama declared independence
 United States pays $10 million plus
$250,000 per year

Constructing the Canal

construction ranks as one of the
world’s greatest engineering feats

disease – yellow fever and malaria –
5,600 dead
dangerous working conditions





cost $ 380,000,000
opened in 1914
damage to U.S.–Latin American
relations due to American support
of the rebellion in Panama
Congress ended up paying
Columbia $25 million for
compensation of lost territory
Roosevelt Corollary




financial factors drew the US
further into Latin-American affairs
many Latin American countries
borrowed money from European
banks – railroads / develop industry
Roosevelt did not want them to get
involved if they could not pay
reminded them of the 1823 Monroe
Doctrine – demanded European
countries stay out of the affairs of
Latin American nations
Roosevelt Corollary: extension of the
Monroe Doctrine claims the right to
protect its economic interest by means
of military intervention

“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Dollar Diplomacy

exercised police power several times in
the 1910’s

William Taft followed policy of
guaranteeing loans made to other
countries by American businesses
people
Dollar Diplomacy: the U.S. power of
using the nation’s
economic power to
exert influence over
other countries

used to justify keeping Europe out of
the Caribbean
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy

gave Monroe Doctrine a moral tone

moral responsibility to deny
recognition to any Latin American
government it viewed as oppressive,
undemocratic, or hostile to the U.S.

pressured the Western Hemisphere
to establish democracies
Foreign Policy Achievements
(early 20th century)
1. Expanded access to overseas markets
(continue to grow the economy)
2. Built a modern navy to protect interests
3. Exercised international police power to dominate Latin
America
Essential Question:
Which President – Roosevelt or
Wilson – had the best diplomacy
policy? Justify your answer.
Hint: Roosevelt = “big stick” (Europe stay out of
Americas affairs) OR Wilson = “missionary diplomacy”
(Latin America set up democracies).
Answer the question in three complete sentences in your summary section.
American Empire Objective
to understand how
individuals and events
moved the United States into
the role of a world power