Download Latin Revision Grammar Chapters I

LATIN REVISION
tecum ad
infernum,
o centurio!
o miles!
me saluta!
Every human language consists of two things:
1. Vocabulary – the words that make a language unique
(from the Latin: vocabulum – word)
2. Grammar – the rules that hold the words together and give them meaning.
Grammatical rules govern (decide) the meaning of the words in a
sentence.
So… practice your vocabulary, but don’t forget the other 50%: grammar!
There are many different ways to revise. Find one that works for you:
1. Flashcards – great for vocabulary.
2. www.cyberlatin.net – online is the future! Click on ‘activities’ for loads of
grammar and vocabulary exercises.
3. Dictation – get a voice-recording gadget and record all the vocab to play back
to yourself on that boring bus-journey home or just before bed-time (last words
of the day are best remembered!)
4. Mind-mapping – put all the grammar you are struggling with in one place.
5. See Mr.P for even more ideas…
1
GRAMMAR
Chapters I-XXIV
Index
Chapter 1
Topic ……………………...Singular & Plural nouns
Chapter 2
Topic ….…………………The genitive case (‘of’)
Topic ……………………..Interrogative pronouns (who/what?)
Topic ….………………….Enclitic suffix ‘-que’ = ‘et’ (and)
Chapter 3
Topic ….………………….Subject/Object (nominative/accusative)
Topic ….………………….Personal pronouns (him/her)
Topic ….………………….Relative pronouns (who/which)
Chapter 4
Topic ….………………….The imperative (singular and plural)
Topic ….………………….The vocative case
Chapter 5
Topic ….…………………Prepositions with the ablative case
Chapter 6
Topic…….……………….Prepositions with the accusative case
Topic….…………………Comparing with ‘tam… quam…’
Topic …………………….Motion towards vs. motion away
Topic ….…………………Active and passive voice
Chapter 7
Topic ….…………………The dative case
Chapter 8
Topic ….…………………Pronouns
Chapter 9
Topic ….…………………Noun declensions
Chapter 10
Topic ….…………………Infinitive verbs
Chapter 11
Topic ….…………………Indirect statements
2
Chapter 12
Topic ….………………….Comparative adjectives
Chapter 13
Topic ….………………….Superlative adjectives
Chapter 14
Topic ….…………………. ………not on CE syllabus
Chapter 15
Topic ….………………….Present tense verb endings
Chapter 16
…………………………………… not on CE syllabus
Chapter 17
……………………………………not on CE syllabus
Chapter 18
Topic ….………………….Adverbs
Chapter 19
Topic ….………………….Imperfect tense verb endings
Chapter 20
Topic ….………………….Future tense verb endings
Chapter 21
Topic ….………………….Perfect tense verb endings
Chapter 24
Topic ….………………….Pluperfect tense verb endings
3
CHAPTER 1
Singular and plural
In English, there are several ways we make a singular word plural.
a) Add “s”:
dog, dogs
cat, cats
b) Add “es”:
pass, passes
mess, messes
student, students
pie, pies
dish, dishes
c) Drop “y” and add “ies”:
story, stories
gully, gullies
belly, bellies
d) Other patterns:
man, men
child, children
mouse, mice
bully, bullies
tooth, teeth
e) For some English words, the plural is the same as the singular:
sheep, sheep
moose, moose
you, you
We have seen three patterns which Latin nouns follow when changing from singular to
plural:
fluvius  fluviī
(river  rivers)
īnsula  īnsulae
(island  islands)
oppidum  oppida
(town  towns)
4
CHAPTER 2
The genitive case (possession)
Iūlius pater est = Julius is the father
Now consider this sentence:
Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est.
THINK: what are “Mārcī et Quīntī” adding to this sentence? How can we add “Marcus and
Quintus” to the sentence “Julius is the father”? Here’s how…
Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est. = Julius is the father
of Marcus and
of Quintus.
Ecce: The ending “ī” means possession:
Mārcī = of Marcus
Quīntī = of Quintus
More genitive case (of…)
We have now seen that the ending “-ī” means of.
Iūlius pater Mārcī est. = Julius is the father of Marcus.
Now we encounter possession in the plural.
Iūlius dominus servōrum est. = Julius is the master of the slaves.
Aemilia domina ancillārum est. = Aemilia is the mistress of the slave women.
5
Interrogative pronouns (who/what?)
When we are introduced to new question words, we figure out what the question is asking by
looking at the answer.
For example, back in Capitulum Prīmum we saw questions beginning with the word “Quid”:
quid est Sparta?
Sparta oppidum est.
quid est Crēta?
Crēta īnsula est.
Based on the answers, we can conclude that “quid…?” is asking “what…?”
You have seen several question words that all seem to be asking “who…?”
quis est Mārcus? Mārcus puer Rōmānus est.
quae est Iūlia? Iūlia est puella Rōmāna.
quis pater Mārcī est? Iūlius pater Mārcī est.
quae est māter Mārcī? Māter Mārcī est Aemilia.
Did you notice that “quis” is used with masculine nouns (Mārcus, pater) and “quae” with
feminine nouns (Iūlia, māter)?
We also saw the question word “quī”:
quī sunt fīliī Iūliī? Fīliī Iūliī sunt Mārcus et Quīntus.
...because “quī” is used when the “who” is plural
(i.e. qui sunt? – who are they?).
Remember:
quis/quae = who
quid = what
6
‘-que’ = ‘et’
On p.13, versus 8-9, we see a long list of people, which concludes with “Mēdusque”:
Iūlius, Aemilia, Mārcus, … Dāvus, Dēlia Mēdusque sunt familia Rōmāna.
In the margin, it shows the following:
-que = et : Mēdus-que = et Mēdus.
From this we can work out that putting “que” at the end of a word is like putting “et” before
the word:
Iūlius Aemiliaque = Iūlius et Aemilia
Mārcus, Quīntus Iūliaque = Mārcus, Quīntus et
Iūlia
7
CHAPTER 3
Subject – Object
Ecce! Look at the endings of the nouns in the following sentences.
Mārcus Iūliam pulsat.
Iulia Mārcum pulsat.
 Latin words ending with “a” or “us” are SUBJECTS – they are doing the action.
 The words ending with “am” or “um” are OBJECTS – they are receiving the action.
Can you draw a squiggly arrow to indicate the different roles for these parts of speech?
s.o.v
subject
object
verb
Exercitium
Fill-in each of the blanks with the appropriate ending (use the word order to help you)
1. Mārcus Iūli___ pulsat.
4. Mārc__ Quīntum pulsat.
2. Quīnt__ Mārc___ videt.
5. Iūli__ nōn videt Aemili___ .
3. Quīntus Mārc___ pulsat.
6. Iūli___ Aemili___ vocat.
8
The nominative case and the accusative case
Clever people use different names for subject and object. Can you remember them? Here they
are:
The subject form is cleverly called the ‘nominative case’
The direct object form is cleverly called the ‘accusative
case’
personal pronouns (him/her/it)
We have also met personal pronouns. What does a pronoun do? Pronouns stand in the place
of nouns.
Read on to find out more…
When we are introduced to a new pronoun, the word that pronoun is replacing is shown in
the margin.
Look at the following examples:
Mārcus eam pulsat.
eam : Iūliam
Iūlius eum audit.
eum : Mārcum
in eo est aqua.
eo : peristylo
eam = her
eum = him
eo = it
9
Relative pronouns
We have learned four new words beginning with “q”. These four words are called relative
pronouns and they correspond to the English words “who” and “whom”.
S
O
ubject
bject
MASCULINE
quī – who
quem – whom
FEMININE
quae – who
quam – whom
In English, “who” is the subject form, and “whom” is the object form – although many
people aren’t aware of this anymore as it’s rather out of fashion.
Ecce! Look at these examples:
1.
The student, who works hard, will succeed.
who = subject
2.
The student, whom the teacher praises, is happy.
whom = object
10
CHAPTER 4
The Imperative!
We have seen some new verb forms... Consider the following:
Iūlius: “Ubi est Dāvus? Dāvum vocā!”
Mēdus Dāvum vocat: “Dāve! Venī!”
The underlined words are verbs (well done!), but they are in a form that is commanding
someone to do something…
…importantly, we call these verb forms the imperative.
The verb forms we have met so far are not commands.
The forms we have met so far are simply describing an action, and we call these forms the
indicative mood (don’t panic, you don’t need to remember this for CE exams!!).
Can you see the link between the imperative forms and the indicative forms?
indicative
vocat
venit
videt
imperative
vocā
venī
vidē
Exercitium 7
Give the imperātīvus form of each of these verbs.
1. respondet
__________________
7. salūtat
2. interrogat
__________________
8. numerat __________________
3. audit
__________________
9. dormit
4. tacet
__________________
10. cantat
__________________
5. vocat
__________________
11. venit
__________________
6. videt
__________________
12. cantat
11
__________________
__________________
__________________
The imperative plural!
The imperative plural is identical to the singular except that
it has ‘-te’ added on to it…
imperative
singular
vocā
vidē
venī
imperative
plural
vocāte
vidēte
venīte
The imperative singular is used to command one person:
puer, vide!
=
boy, look!
HOWEVER, the imperative plural is used to command more than one
person:
pueri, videte! =
boys, look!
Exercitium
Can you translate the following into English?
1. Aemilia imperat: “Mārce et Quīnte! Iūliam vocāte!”
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Iūlia puerōs vocat: “Mārce et Quīnte! Venīte!”
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Iulia. “Vidē, māter! Vidēte, puerī! Vidēte rosās meās!”
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Aemilia: “Tacēte, puerī improbī!”
_____________________________________________________________________
12
The vocative case
By now you’ve seen some pretty strange spellings (cases) of Roman names and nouns:
Ecce!
“Dāve! Venī!”
=
“Dave! Come!”
“Quid est, Mēde?
= “What is it, Medus?”
“Salvē, domine!”
=
“Hello, master!”
The red letters at the end of the words above tell us that these nouns are in the
vocative
case, which is used when someone is calling someone else or speaking to them.
The Latin name for this form is “vocātīvus”, from the verb “vocat” (calls).
NB:
The vocative form is usually spelt the same way as the nominative.
Only when the nominative ends in “us” does the vocātīvus end in “e”.
We have now seen four different spellings of Latin words and names. We call these forms
cases, and here they are in one place…
case
nominative
genitive
accusative
vocative
masculine
Mārcus
Mārcī
Mārcum
Mārce
feminine
Iulia
Iuliae
Iuliam
Iulia
13
translation
subject
use ‘of’
object
calling
Singular-plural RECAP
Back in Capitulum I you learned that nouns
follow three patterns when changing from
singular to plural:
singular plural
fluvius
fluviī
īnsula
īnsulae
oppidum
oppida
We haven’t seen many new neuter nouns that are
like “oppidum”. However, in capitulum V we
did:
singular plural
līlium
līlia
ōstium
ōstia
cubiculum cubicula
All of the nouns below are nominative. Can you
fill in the blanks?
singular
plural
singular
plural
1. fluvius
______________
9. ______________
puellae
2. oppidum
______________
10. ______________
vocābula
3. ______________
īnsulae
11. mēnsa
______________
4. cubiculum
______________
12. ______________
capitula
5. ______________
ōstia
13. līlium
______________
6. ______________
hortī
14. rosa
______________
7. vīlla
______________
15. ______________
fenestrae
8. baculum
______________
16. ______________
exempla
14
CHAPTER 5
Prepositions with the ablative case
You have now seen both the singular AND the plural forms of a new ‘case’: the
ablative case.
Most of the time Latin words in the ablative case come after prepositions (like ‘in’,
‘sine’ or ‘cum’). Once you know how to translate the prepositions, you don’t really
need to think hard about them. Here are some examples:
in hortō = in the garden
sine puellīs = without the girls
And finally…
Cast your mind back to the very first chapter… Capitulum I.
Do you remember seeing the word in a lot? For example:
in Romā
in Italiā
in Galliā
in Africā
Well now you know what part of speech that in is!!
It’s a preposition, with a noun in the ablative case coming
after it.
15
Preposition practice
As you now know, some prepositions are followed by objects in the ablative case
So far, all the prepositions we have seen have an object in the ablative
Latin
in + abl.
ex + abl.
cum + abl.
sine + abl.
ab + abl.
case
English
in/on
out
with
without
from
Translate each of the following. Note that these Latin prepositions are followed by nouns in
the ablative case ( -o / -a / –is )
1. in hortō
_______________________
2. in vīllā
_______________________
3. cum servīs _____________________
4. in ātriō
_______________________
5. cum hortīs ______________________
However, some prepositions have an object in the accusative
Latin
trans + acc.
ad + acc.
prope + acc.
circum + acc.
ante/post + acc.
16
case
English
across
to/towards
near
around
infront/behind
CHAPTER 6
Prepositions with the accusative case
Some prepositions are followed by nouns in the ablative case, with
the following endings:
sg. –o/-a
pl. –is
Some prepositions are followed by nouns in the accusative case,
with the following endings:
sg. –um/-am
pl. –os/-as
Every preposition has a noun coming immediately after it. That noun is called the object of
the preposition.
For each of the prepositional phrases add the appropriate ending to the object of the
preposition.
1. in Itali___
9. ex hort___
17.
circum oppid___
2. cum Mārc___
10.
ab oppid___
18.
ex vīll___
3. cum ros___
11.
ad vīll___
19.
apud Aemili___
4. sine ros___
12.
in oppid___
20.
apud puer___
5. ab Aemili___
13.
prope Tūscul___
21.
per port___
6. post Dāv___
14.
cum domin___
22.
per ōsti___
7. ante Dēli___
15.
sine vir___
23.
ad Rōm___
8. prope Rōm___
16.
circum Rōm___
24.
ad oppid___
17
Comparing using ‘tam’ … ‘quam’
Romans could compare things using adverbs like this:
“…tam… quam…”
=
“…as… as…”
Translate the following, Latin to English or vice versa.
1. Via Latīna nōn tam longa est quam via Appia.
_____The Via Latina is not as long as the Via Appia___________________________
2. Circum Rōmam est mūrus antīquus.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Circum oppidum Tūsculum mūrus nōn tam longus est quam circum Rōmam.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Syrus et Lēander duōs saccōs portant.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Saccus quem Syrus portat nōn tam magnus est quam saccus Lēandrī.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Vīlla Cornēliī nōn tam magna est quam vīlla Iūliī.
_____________________________________________________________________
18
Motion Towards vs. Motion Away
This is one of the really clever ways the Latin language works. So, pay close attention. This is
exactly why we learn about noun cases...
Motion towards a place is expressed by putting the name in the accusative case,
without the need for the preposition “ad” (to/towards).
e.g.
1. to Rome = ad Rōmam
2. to Tusculum = ad Tūsculum.
So, “Mēdus Rōmam ambulat” = “Medus walks to Rome”.
Motion away from a town or city is expressed by putting the name in the ablative case,
without the need for the preposition “ab” (from).
e.g.
1. away from Rome = ab Rōmā
2. away from Tusculum = ab Tūsculō.
So, “Mēdus Tūsculō ambulat” = “Medus walks from Tusculum”.
Exercitium
Can you translate these sentences into English? Remember, accuracy is everything...
1. Cornēlius Rōmā venit. __________________________________________________
2. Mēdus Rōmam ambulat.
_______________________________________________
3. Cornēlius it Tūsculum. __________________________________________________
4. Iūlius Tūsculō venit.
__________________________________________________
5. Mēdus Tūsculō Rōmam ambulat. __________________________________________
6. Quīntus nōn tam improbus est quam Mārcus. ________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
19
Active Voice vs. Passive Voice
Believe it or not, passive verbs aren’t that difficult. Don’t worry if you’re struggling to
understand – it might take some time and more explaining. That’s natural.
Here’s a quick and snappy review of the difference between an active and a passive verb...
 If a subject accompanies an active verb, then the subject is DOING.
 Marcus eam pulsat = Marcus punches her.
 If a subject accompanies a passive verb, then the subject is BEING DONE TO.
 Marcus ab eā pulsatur = Marcus is punched by her.
Notice the preposition a/ab (by) and the funny verb ending -ur ? These will help you
recognise the passive.
Anyway, let’s drop the boring grammar and get you down to the Gymnasium
Mind! You’ll find that it all becomes clearer as you have a go yourself.
of the
Exercitium
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. rosae ā pueliis sūmuntur.
____the roses are picked up by the girls_______________
2. saccī ā servīs portantur.
_______________________________________________
3. servī ā dominīs pulsantur. _________________________________________
4. puerī nummōs numerant.
_______________________________________________
5. nummi a pueris numerantur. ______________________________________________
6. servī dominōs portant.
_______________________________________________
7. domini a servis portantur. ________________________________________________
20
CHAPTER 7
The dative case
The dative case is the case of giving. We use the dative case with certain verbs:
1. dat – he/she/it gives
(dat is the most frequent!)
2. ostendit – he/she/it shows
3. imperat – he/she/it orders
4. persuadet – he/she/it persuades
How to recognise the dative case:
 Look for the verb dat in the sentence.
 Look for words ending in –o or –is
Here are some examples of sentences containing words in the dative case (underlined):
puer malum servo dat - the boy gives an apple to a slave
Iulius pecuniam servis ostendit – Julius shows money to the
slaves
21
CHAPTER 8
Pronouns
There are four types of pronouns you need to know about:
1. Demonstrative pronouns
a. hic (m.)
b. haec (f.)
this
c. hoc (n.)
a. ille (m.)
b. illa (f.)
c. illud (n.)
that
2. Personal pronouns
a. is (m.)
> he
b. ea (f.)
> she
c. id (n.)
> it
3. Relative pronouns
a. qui (m.)
b. quae (f.)
c. quod (n.)
4. Emphatic pronouns
a. ipse (m.)
b. ipsa (f.)
c. ipsum (n.)
who/which
himself/herself/itself
Exercitium – pronouns
Translate the following into English:
1. Iulius ipse Aemiliam amat = _________________________________________
2. hic puer laetus est = ________________________________________________
3. Marcus, qui laetus, ridet = ___________________________________________
4. Iulia plorat; ea non laetus est = _______________________________________
22
CHAPTER 9
Noun declensions
Nouns (people, places, or things) are grouped into different ‘families’, called
declensions, which have different case endings (spellings) according to which group
they belong to (1st, 2nd or 3rd).
(See your yellow Latin books for full declension patterns)
1st declension nouns are all feminine (ending in –a)
e.g.
puella
(girl)
femina
(woman)
feminine
Aemilia
2nd declension nouns are all masculine + neuter
e.g.
servus
(slave)
dominus
(master)
masculine
Iulius
oppidum
lilium
bellum
(town)
(lily)
(war)
(ending in –us or –um)
neuter
3rd declension nouns are a mix of feminine, masculine + neuter.
(ending in –x, -or, -is, -e)
e.g.
ovis
(sheep)
fem./masc.
rex
(king)
masc.
pastor
(shepherd) masc.
mare
(sea)
neut.
corpus
(body)
neut.
23
CHAPTER 10
Infinitives
Infinitives are infinity verbs…
…they are not limited by time (i.e. they are not happening in the present, future or
past tenses), but are constantly happening. This is indicated by the use of ‘to…’ in
literal translation.
In Latin, infinitives are spelled with –re at the end; for
example:
1. ambulare
- to walk
2. volare
- to fly
3. currere
- to run
BUT some are irregular; like:
1. esse
- to be
(infinitive of ‘est’ – ‘is’)
2. velle
- to want/wish
(infinitive of ‘vult’ – ‘he/she wants’)
3. posse
- to be able
(infinitve of ‘potest’ – ‘he is able to/can’)
Exercitium – infinitives
Translate the following into English:
1. Iulius ambulare potest
= _________________________________________
2. Quintus volare vult = ______________________________________________
3. puella currere non potest = __________________________________________
4. Iulia esse laetus amat = ____________________________________________
24
CHAPTER 1 1
Indirect statements
Remember, it’s
Latin prep
tonight…
Later that day…
What did sir say?
He said,
‘remember,
it’s Latin prep
tonight!’.
One of the uses of infinitives is in indirect statements.
Indirect statements are reports of direct statements through someone who is not the
original speaker.
Infinitive verbs are deployed in indirect statements to report what the original speaker said.
For example:
Irregular infinitive: esse = to be
Aemilia: “Marcus malus est!”
Marcus: “quid dicit mater?”
Quintus: “mater dicit, ‘Marcus malus esse!’.”
25
CHAPTER 1 2
Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare nouns…
Adjectives are ‘describing words’
Nouns are ‘people, places, or things’
To make a Latin adjective a ‘comparative’ you simply remove the ending and add the
suffix ‘-ior’
So…



laetus = laetior = happier
altus = altior = higher
brevis = brevior = shorter
Can you turn the following Latin adjectives into comparatives?
1. gravis (heavy) _______________________________
2. levis (light) _________________________________
3. pulchra (pretty) ______________________________
4. fortis (strong) ________________________________
5. antiquus (old) ________________________________
Don’t forget to translate them into English!
26
CHAPTER 13
Superlative adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used to describe nouns in the best
or most exaggerated possible way…
To form a superlative you simply remove the ending from an
adjective and add the suffix ‘-issimus’ or ‘-irrimus’
So…




laetus = laetissimus = happiest
altus = altissimus = highest
brevis = brevissimus = shortest
pulchra = pulcherrima = prettiest
Can you turn the following Latin adjectives into superlatives?
1. gravis (heavy) _______________________________
2. levis (light) __________________________________
3. longus (long) _________________________________
4. fortis (strong) ________________________________
5. antiquus (old) ________________________________
Don’t forget to translate your answer into English!
27
CHAPTER 15
Present tense verb endings
The present tense means ‘now time’.
There’s no time like the present! – Mr Silk
The main difficulty lies in the fact that English does not use
verb endings (anymore). So there is no English parallel to
which we may compare the concept.
However, we do have vestiges (‘footprints’) of verb endings.
Look at how the verb endings change in the English below:
1st pers. I love
2nd pers. You love
3rd pers. He loves
I am
You are
He is
I go
You go
He goes
1st pers. We love
2nd pers. You love
3rd pers. They love
We are
You are
They are
We go
You go
They go
In Latin, there is a different verb ending for every ‘person’.
Learn them all off by heart.
singular
plural
-O = I am
-S = You are
-T = He/she/it is
-MUS = We are
-TIS = Y’all are
-NT = They are
28
CHAPTER 18
Adverbs
Adverbs describe how verbs are performed.
Adverbs are commonly known as ‘-ly’ words
There are two ways to form adverbs in Latin.
1. (remove ending & add –e)
Bonus
Malus
Pulcher
Lentus
(good)

(bad)

(beautiful) 
(slow)

bene
male
pulchre
lente
(well)
(badly)
(beautifully)
(slowly)
2. Remove ending & add –iter)
Fortis
Celer
(strong)
(quick)
 fortiter (strongly)
 celeriter (quickly)
FINALLY
Remember that non is an adverb, too! (non = not/no)
A very popular Common Entrance question involves finding an adverb
within a Latin sentence…
…non is often the answer!
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CHAPTER 19
Imperfect tense verb endings
The imperfect tense means ‘unfinished time’.
When I was drinking tea in the staff room yesterday…
– Mrs Palmer
It is translated correctly by using ‘was’ and ‘-ing’:
e.g. ‘He was laughing’
Just like in the present tense, there is a different verb ending
for every ‘person’.
Learn them all off by heart.
singular
plural
-BAM = I was
-BAMUS = We were
-BAS = You were
-BATIS = Y’all were
-BAT = He/she/it was -BANT = They were
Translate the Latin below to practice this topic
1. spectabam = _______I was watching__________________
2. ambulabamus = __________________________________
3. habitabat = ______________________________________
4. scribebant = _____________________________________
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CHAPTER 20
Future tense verb endings
The future will happen in the future… self-explanatory!
You will listen to me, you fool! – Mr Fairbairn
It is translated correctly by using ‘will’:
e.g. ‘He will laugh’
Just like the present tense, there is a different verb ending for
every ‘person’.
Learn them.
singular
plural
-BO = I will
-BIS = You will
-BIT = He/she/it will
-BIMUS = We will
-BITIS = Y’all will
-BUNT = They will
Translate the Latin below to practice this topic
1. spectabo = ____________________________________
2. ambulabimus = _______________________________
3. habitabit = ___________________________________
4. scribebunt = _________________________________
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CHAPTER 21
Perfect tense verb endings
The perfect tense means ‘completed time’.
I ran down the line and scored! Everyone cheered!
– Mr Sheldon
It is translated correctly by using ‘… -ed’ on the end of a
verb:
e.g. ‘He laughed’
Just like the present tense, there is a different verb ending for
every ‘person’.
Learn them.
singular
plural
-I
= I -ed
-IMUS = We -ed
-ISTI = You -ed
-ISTIS = Y’all -ed
-IT
= He/she/it -ed -ERUNT = They -ed
Translate the Latin below to practice this topic
(observe that perfect tense verbs have a different stem to other verbs)
1. spectavi = ____________________________________
2. ambulaverunt = _______________________________
3. habitavistis = ___________________________________
4. scripsimus = _________________________________
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CHAPTER 24
Pluperfect tense verb endings
The perfect tense means ‘completed time’.
I told him off, because he had stolen someone else’s
property
– Mr Finch
It is translated correctly by using ‘had…’ before past tense
of the verb:
e.g. ‘He had laughed’
Just like the present tense, there is a different verb ending for
every ‘person’.
Learn them.
singular
-ERAM =
-ERAS =
-ERAT =
plural
I had…
-ERAMUS = We had…
You had…
-ERATIS
= Y’all had…
He/she/it had… -ERANT
= They had…
Translate the Latin below to practice this topic
(observe that pluperfect tense verbs also have a different stem to other verbs)
1. spectaverant = ____________________________________
2. ambulaveratis = _______________________________
3. habitaveram = ___________________________________
4. scripseramus = ___________________________________
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