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BIOPHYSICS FOR DENTISTRY STUDENTS
COURSE DESCRIPTION
After the course student should:
Know and understand
 how physical processes are applied in dental practice
 principles of functioning of ultrasonic devices
 principles of photometry and usage of light
 principles of functioning and usage of lasers
 mechanics of masticatory system
 physical basis of mechanical properties of materials and tissues
 methods of imaging of tissues and organs and principles of functioning of imaging
devices.
Be aware of
 hazards connected with usage of electric devices, sources of light and radiation
Be able to
 Interpret physical phenomena that occur in masticatory system
 Work with standard date-measuring devices, perform measurement and analyze
conclusion from experiment result.
LECTURES (10 lecture hours)
Ultrasound
USG as an imaging method
Other applications of ultrasound in dentistry
2. Electric current
Physical principles
Electric currents in the oral cavity
Effects of electric current on human body
3. Radioisotopes in medicine: interaction with matter applications of radioisotope
4. Physical basis of imaging methods
a. X-ray and QCT
b. NMR
c. PET
5. Processes of heat transfer and their results
Temperature and properties of solids;
Physical basis of heat transport
6. Biomechanics
Equilibrium of a body
Motions in human body as a result of forces
7. Biomechanics of materials
8. Modern materials in medicine - how do they work and how we can use them
9. Light spectrum: ultraviolet, visible, infrared:
Applications of light in dental devices
Effects of light on humans
10. Laser – physical properties and medical applications
1.
Order of lectures can be changed!
LABS (35 class hours)
1-st week (3 class hours) : rules, regulations, units, vectors, sample calculations
2-nd week (2 class hours) : test on calculations, labs description
3-rd to 11-th week (9 x 3 class hours) : (in rotation)
1. light: laser light and diffraction grating; spectroscopy
2. microscopy
3. oscilloscope - how to measure electric signals
4. forces in the body
5. the physical basis of ultrasonic imaging - ultrasonography
6. fluid flow systems in biology
7. nuclear physics in medicine
8. conductivity of electrolytes; electromotive force
9. phase transitions in alloys
12-th week (3 class hours) : summary and make-ups
Recommended books:
Recommended textbooks:
1. College Physics, Willson Jerry D., Buffa Anthony J., Prentice Hall,
2. Physics in Biology and Medicine, Davidovits Paul, Harcourt. Academic Press,
3. Physics of the Body, Cameron John R., Skofronick James G., Grant Roderick M., Medical
Physics Publishing,
LABS OBJECTIVES
II. MICROSCOPY
Objectives:
To understand the creation of an image in the compound microscope
To be able to calculate magnification and to estimate resolution of the compound
microscope
To understand the advantage of the use of matter waves in electron microscopes
Basic terms and concepts:
1. Thin lens: focus, focal length and focusing power. Properties of images from thin lenses.
Locating images of extended objects by drawing rays.
2. The ray diagram for the compound microscope.
3. Total magnification of a compound microscope.
4. The resolving power of a microscope.
5. Principles of electron microscopy, resolution of an electron microscope in comparison with
the optical one. Transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Scanning tunneling
microscopy.
IV. a) ATOMIC PHYSICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE – SPECTROSCOPY
b) LASER LIGHT AND DIFFRACTION GRATING
Objectives:
To understand why spectra can serve as fingerprints in identifying atoms and molecules in
various substances
To be able to explain the basic principles of spectroscopy
To be able to explain properties of laser light
To be familiar with medical laser applications
Basic terms and concepts:
1. Energy level structure unique for each element
2. Absorption or emission of light as a consequence of transitions of electrons between energy
levels
3. Emission and absorption, linear and continuum spectra
4. Can spectra provide information about concentration of various components in the
substance?
5. Main parts of a spectrometer
6. Application of spectroscopy in biochemistry and medicine
7. The acronym “LASER” - the principle of laser action. Properties of laser light:
monochromatic, coherent, directional, energic
8. Medical laser applications
9. Diffraction grating – what is it? The grating spacing (or grating constant), the condition for
interference maxima. The use of diffraction gratings in spectrometers.
VI. FLUID FLOW SYSTEMS IN BIOLOGY
Objectives:
To understand phenomena that govern motion of fluids in biological systems
To understand sources and consequences of resistance to flow in vessels
Basic terms and concepts:
1. Pressure in a fluid
2. Buoyant force and Archimedes’ principle
3. Surface tension; Capillary action as a consequence of surface tension
4. Flow of ideal fluid – Bernoulli's equation, continuity equation.
5. Viscosity; Poiseuille's law.
6. Laminar and turbulent flow. A critical flow velocity and factors the critical velocity depends
on.
VII. OSCILLOSCOPE
Objectives: experience with use of oscilloscope
Terms and concepts
 Electric field
 Electric potential energy and potential difference
 Magnetic field strength and magnetic force
 Charged particles in magnetic fields
VIIIa. CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES
Objectives::
 be familiar with electric current, voltage, resistance, conductivity
 to determine the electrolytic conductivity of CuSO4
READING
 Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 17 and 18)
Basic terms and concepts
 Electric Battery, Electromotive Force, Terminal Voltage, Internal Resistance, Batteries in
Series and in Parallel
 Electric Current, Conventional Current, Direct Current, Drift Velocity, Ohm’s Law,
 Electrical Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity and
Resistance, Factors That Determine Resistance, Resistors in Series and in Parallel
 Electric Power
 Kirchhoff’s First Law (Junction Rule), Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Loop Rule)
VIIIb. DETERMINATION OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE BY COMPENSATION METHOD
Objectives
 be familiar with electric current, voltage, resistance, and batteries;
 to master a method of EMF of battery measurement by compensation method.
READING
 Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 17 and 18)
Terms and concepts
 Electric Battery, Electromotive Force, Terminal Voltage, Internal Resistance, Batteries in
Series and in Parallel
 Electric Current, Conventional Current, Direct Current, Drift Velocity, Ohm’s Law,
 Electrical Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity and
Resistance, Factors That Determine Resistance, Resistors in Series and in Parallel
 Electric Power
 Kirchhoff’s First Law (Junction Rule), Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Loop Rule)
IX. NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN MEDICINE
The measurement of the linear absorption coefficient and the half-value thickness of the
absorber.
OBJECTIVES:
 be familiar with medical applications of nuclear radiations
 to determine the effectiveness of different absorbers at blocking radiation
READING
 Paul Davidovits “Physics in Biology and Medicine”( chapter 16.5 X-rays, chapter16.6 Xray computerized tomography, chapter 16.7 The nucleus, 16.8 Radiation Therapy)
 Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 29.2 Radioactivity,
chapter 29.3 Decay Rate and Half life, chapter 29.5 Radiation Detection, Dosage, and
Application, )
Terms and concepts
Activity;
half life;
half value thickness;
gamma decay;
Geiger counter;
X-rays;
radiation dosage;
isotopic tracers ;
medical applications of radiations; nuclear medicine;
PET; radiation therapy;
alpha decay; beta decay
XI. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF ULTRASONIC IMAGING - ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Objectives:
To be able to define parameters describing propagation of ultrasound in a medium.
To understand the physical phenomena which are the basis of ultrasonic imaging.
Basic terms and concepts:
1. Parameters describing sonic waves: frequency, intensity, intensity level, wavelength
2. Sound frequency spectrum: infrasonic, audible and ultrasonic regions
3. Speed of sound in different media (dependence on physical properties of the medium)
4. Acoustic impedance
5. Reflection and refraction of waves at a boundary between two media; “Echo” as a basis of
ultrasonic imaging
6. Reflection coefficient of acoustic wave in the case of normal incidence
7. The Doppler effect
XII. FORCES IN THE BODY
Objectives:
To be able to analyze joints in the body in terms of levers
To understand how geometry of parts of our body influences forces in joints and muscles.
To understand factors influencing stability of the body
Basic terms and concepts:
1. Force as a vector
2. Torque
3. Addition of forces and torques
4. Equilibrium conditions; Equilibrium and stability of the human body
5. Mechanical levers- principles; Examples of levers in the human body
XIII. PHASE TRANSITION IN ALLOYS - MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLIZATION
TEMPERATURE
GOALS:
 Measurement of crystallization temperature
Terms and concepts
 Phase transitions
 Conduction of heat in solids
 Alloys; types and properties of alloys
 Solidification of alloys and pure metals
 Principles of temperature measurements – Liqiud thermometers, Resistance thermometer
(RTD, Thermistor), Thermocouple.
 Celsius-to-Kelvin conversion
 Thermoelectric effect