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BIOPHYSICS FOR DENTISTRY STUDENTS COURSE DESCRIPTION After the course student should: Know and understand how physical processes are applied in dental practice principles of functioning of ultrasonic devices principles of photometry and usage of light principles of functioning and usage of lasers mechanics of masticatory system physical basis of mechanical properties of materials and tissues methods of imaging of tissues and organs and principles of functioning of imaging devices. Be aware of hazards connected with usage of electric devices, sources of light and radiation Be able to Interpret physical phenomena that occur in masticatory system Work with standard date-measuring devices, perform measurement and analyze conclusion from experiment result. LECTURES (10 lecture hours) Ultrasound USG as an imaging method Other applications of ultrasound in dentistry 2. Electric current Physical principles Electric currents in the oral cavity Effects of electric current on human body 3. Radioisotopes in medicine: interaction with matter applications of radioisotope 4. Physical basis of imaging methods a. X-ray and QCT b. NMR c. PET 5. Processes of heat transfer and their results Temperature and properties of solids; Physical basis of heat transport 6. Biomechanics Equilibrium of a body Motions in human body as a result of forces 7. Biomechanics of materials 8. Modern materials in medicine - how do they work and how we can use them 9. Light spectrum: ultraviolet, visible, infrared: Applications of light in dental devices Effects of light on humans 10. Laser – physical properties and medical applications 1. Order of lectures can be changed! LABS (35 class hours) 1-st week (3 class hours) : rules, regulations, units, vectors, sample calculations 2-nd week (2 class hours) : test on calculations, labs description 3-rd to 11-th week (9 x 3 class hours) : (in rotation) 1. light: laser light and diffraction grating; spectroscopy 2. microscopy 3. oscilloscope - how to measure electric signals 4. forces in the body 5. the physical basis of ultrasonic imaging - ultrasonography 6. fluid flow systems in biology 7. nuclear physics in medicine 8. conductivity of electrolytes; electromotive force 9. phase transitions in alloys 12-th week (3 class hours) : summary and make-ups Recommended books: Recommended textbooks: 1. College Physics, Willson Jerry D., Buffa Anthony J., Prentice Hall, 2. Physics in Biology and Medicine, Davidovits Paul, Harcourt. Academic Press, 3. Physics of the Body, Cameron John R., Skofronick James G., Grant Roderick M., Medical Physics Publishing, LABS OBJECTIVES II. MICROSCOPY Objectives: To understand the creation of an image in the compound microscope To be able to calculate magnification and to estimate resolution of the compound microscope To understand the advantage of the use of matter waves in electron microscopes Basic terms and concepts: 1. Thin lens: focus, focal length and focusing power. Properties of images from thin lenses. Locating images of extended objects by drawing rays. 2. The ray diagram for the compound microscope. 3. Total magnification of a compound microscope. 4. The resolving power of a microscope. 5. Principles of electron microscopy, resolution of an electron microscope in comparison with the optical one. Transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Scanning tunneling microscopy. IV. a) ATOMIC PHYSICS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE – SPECTROSCOPY b) LASER LIGHT AND DIFFRACTION GRATING Objectives: To understand why spectra can serve as fingerprints in identifying atoms and molecules in various substances To be able to explain the basic principles of spectroscopy To be able to explain properties of laser light To be familiar with medical laser applications Basic terms and concepts: 1. Energy level structure unique for each element 2. Absorption or emission of light as a consequence of transitions of electrons between energy levels 3. Emission and absorption, linear and continuum spectra 4. Can spectra provide information about concentration of various components in the substance? 5. Main parts of a spectrometer 6. Application of spectroscopy in biochemistry and medicine 7. The acronym “LASER” - the principle of laser action. Properties of laser light: monochromatic, coherent, directional, energic 8. Medical laser applications 9. Diffraction grating – what is it? The grating spacing (or grating constant), the condition for interference maxima. The use of diffraction gratings in spectrometers. VI. FLUID FLOW SYSTEMS IN BIOLOGY Objectives: To understand phenomena that govern motion of fluids in biological systems To understand sources and consequences of resistance to flow in vessels Basic terms and concepts: 1. Pressure in a fluid 2. Buoyant force and Archimedes’ principle 3. Surface tension; Capillary action as a consequence of surface tension 4. Flow of ideal fluid – Bernoulli's equation, continuity equation. 5. Viscosity; Poiseuille's law. 6. Laminar and turbulent flow. A critical flow velocity and factors the critical velocity depends on. VII. OSCILLOSCOPE Objectives: experience with use of oscilloscope Terms and concepts Electric field Electric potential energy and potential difference Magnetic field strength and magnetic force Charged particles in magnetic fields VIIIa. CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTROLYTES Objectives:: be familiar with electric current, voltage, resistance, conductivity to determine the electrolytic conductivity of CuSO4 READING Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 17 and 18) Basic terms and concepts Electric Battery, Electromotive Force, Terminal Voltage, Internal Resistance, Batteries in Series and in Parallel Electric Current, Conventional Current, Direct Current, Drift Velocity, Ohm’s Law, Electrical Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity and Resistance, Factors That Determine Resistance, Resistors in Series and in Parallel Electric Power Kirchhoff’s First Law (Junction Rule), Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Loop Rule) VIIIb. DETERMINATION OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE BY COMPENSATION METHOD Objectives be familiar with electric current, voltage, resistance, and batteries; to master a method of EMF of battery measurement by compensation method. READING Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 17 and 18) Terms and concepts Electric Battery, Electromotive Force, Terminal Voltage, Internal Resistance, Batteries in Series and in Parallel Electric Current, Conventional Current, Direct Current, Drift Velocity, Ohm’s Law, Electrical Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity, Temperature Dependence of Resistivity and Resistance, Factors That Determine Resistance, Resistors in Series and in Parallel Electric Power Kirchhoff’s First Law (Junction Rule), Kirchhoff’s Second Law (Loop Rule) IX. NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN MEDICINE The measurement of the linear absorption coefficient and the half-value thickness of the absorber. OBJECTIVES: be familiar with medical applications of nuclear radiations to determine the effectiveness of different absorbers at blocking radiation READING Paul Davidovits “Physics in Biology and Medicine”( chapter 16.5 X-rays, chapter16.6 Xray computerized tomography, chapter 16.7 The nucleus, 16.8 Radiation Therapy) Jerry D.Wilson, Anthony J. Buffa, Bo Lou “College Physics” (chapter 29.2 Radioactivity, chapter 29.3 Decay Rate and Half life, chapter 29.5 Radiation Detection, Dosage, and Application, ) Terms and concepts Activity; half life; half value thickness; gamma decay; Geiger counter; X-rays; radiation dosage; isotopic tracers ; medical applications of radiations; nuclear medicine; PET; radiation therapy; alpha decay; beta decay XI. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF ULTRASONIC IMAGING - ULTRASONOGRAPHY Objectives: To be able to define parameters describing propagation of ultrasound in a medium. To understand the physical phenomena which are the basis of ultrasonic imaging. Basic terms and concepts: 1. Parameters describing sonic waves: frequency, intensity, intensity level, wavelength 2. Sound frequency spectrum: infrasonic, audible and ultrasonic regions 3. Speed of sound in different media (dependence on physical properties of the medium) 4. Acoustic impedance 5. Reflection and refraction of waves at a boundary between two media; “Echo” as a basis of ultrasonic imaging 6. Reflection coefficient of acoustic wave in the case of normal incidence 7. The Doppler effect XII. FORCES IN THE BODY Objectives: To be able to analyze joints in the body in terms of levers To understand how geometry of parts of our body influences forces in joints and muscles. To understand factors influencing stability of the body Basic terms and concepts: 1. Force as a vector 2. Torque 3. Addition of forces and torques 4. Equilibrium conditions; Equilibrium and stability of the human body 5. Mechanical levers- principles; Examples of levers in the human body XIII. PHASE TRANSITION IN ALLOYS - MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE GOALS: Measurement of crystallization temperature Terms and concepts Phase transitions Conduction of heat in solids Alloys; types and properties of alloys Solidification of alloys and pure metals Principles of temperature measurements – Liqiud thermometers, Resistance thermometer (RTD, Thermistor), Thermocouple. Celsius-to-Kelvin conversion Thermoelectric effect