Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Schistosomiasis wikipedia , lookup
Human cytomegalovirus wikipedia , lookup
Leptospirosis wikipedia , lookup
Clostridium difficile infection wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Neisseria meningitidis wikipedia , lookup
Antibiotics wikipedia , lookup
Traveler's diarrhea wikipedia , lookup
B1, Chapter 1 Keeping healthy AQA specification link-up B1.1 Keeping healthy B1.1.1 Diet and exercise B1.1.2 How our bodies defend themselves against infectious diseases Overview In this chapter, students are asked to further their understanding of the role that a healthy diet, exercise and microorganisms have on human health. An understanding of the term balanced diet is required, as well as knowledge of the implications an unbalanced diet may have on a person’s health. Students should consider the effect exercise can have on health. Slimming products and programmes are discussed and can be linked to how the amount of energy expended by the body, alongside the quantity and type of nutrients taken in, affect how a person gains or loses body mass. Learning about diet, exercise, inherited factors and their effect on metabolic rate and cholesterol can be brought together to create an overview of a person’s health and how this may be affected by lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors. The impact of infection by bacteria and viruses is covered in this chapter. The ways in which pathogens cause illness and damage a person’s health are considered. Students will learn about the advances in infection control, from the early advances in hygiene and the scientists involved through to modern drugs and processes such as vaccination. The ways in which the body protects itself from infection are covered, from physical barriers through to the immune system and the role of white blood cells and antibodies. This leads on to the study of antibiotics, disinfectants and vaccination programmes. The use of other drugs that treat the symptoms of infection as opposed to killing pathogens will need to be highlighted. Vaccination through the use of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen and the mechanism by which this causes immunity will need to be explained to students in this chapter; this provides an opportunity to reinforce learning about white blood cells and antibodies. Students need to cover the growth of bacteria. Practical work can be used to achieve this but it is important to distinguish between the methods and restrictions of growing bacteria in the classroom when compared to industrial laboratories. Leading on from this the concept of bacterial resistance is introduced. A basic understanding of the term mutation is required. Students will need to know how the improper use of antibiotics leads to resistant strains, such as MRSA, and the dangers posed by such bacteria. Finally students will be asked to draw together their understanding of how infectious diseases are controlled. They will consider the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination programmes as well as how the treatment of infectious diseases has changed and evolved as a result of a better understanding of immunity and antibiotics. © Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 1 B1, Chapter 1 Keeping healthy Common misconceptions There are a number of common misconceptions surrounding diet. The idea that all fat and cholesterol is bad is one that should be challenged early on by explaining the importance of a balanced diet and the role that all these substances have in maintaining health. The role of antibiotics and their use in treating different types of microorganisms is often poorly understood. It should be made clear that viruses which cause infections, such as the common cold, are not treatable through the use of antibiotics. Explaining the way in which bacteria and viruses cause illness alongside where in the body this happens (viruses live and reproduce inside body cells) can help distinguish between the two types of pathogen. It is also important to distinguish between antibiotics, disinfectants and other drugs that may only treat the symptoms of an infection. The idea that vaccinations involve giving somebody a ‘mild’ form of a disease should be challenged. Students will find it easier to understand the process of vaccination if they are clear that vaccines contain dead or inactive forms of a pathogen. Opportunities for differentiation There are several opportunities for extension tasks in this chapter. Guided research tasks can be used to further students’ knowledge and understanding of the immune process. Research can be done into the role of antibiotics in reducing deaths due to infection. This can lead to a greater understanding of the immune process, the limitations of antibiotics and the problem of resistance caused by overuse. Similar tasks can be used to extend understanding of vaccination programmes and their importance. There are two kerboodle WebQuests in this chapter that offer research support. kerboodle offers several worksheets for this chapter to support students who are struggling, and stretch students who are coping well. Some students may find the section relating to immunity difficult to grasp. The kerboodle animation ‘Immunity due to vaccination’ can be used to help demonstrate the concept. Chapter topics Topic Topic title Specification reference B1, 1.1 Diet and exercise B.1.1.1a, b, c, d B1, 1.2 Weight problems B.1.1.1d B1, 1.3 Cholesterol and health B.1.1.1c, d B1, 1.4 Pathogens and disease B.1.1.2a, b, d, e, f B1, 1.5 Defence mechanisms B.1.1.2c, d B1, 1.6 Using drugs to treat disease B.1.1.2f B1, 1.7 Growing and investigating bacteria B.1.1.2g, i, j B1, 1.8 Changing pathogens B.1.1.2g © Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 2 B1, Chapter 1 Keeping healthy B1, 1.9 Immunity B.1.1.2h B1, 1.10 How do we deal with disease? B.1.1.2h Kerboodle resources Chapter map: Keeping healthy Maths skills: BMI calculator (1.1) Support: Health on the line (1.1) Bump up your grade: Health on the line (1.1) Video: Making predictions (1.4) Bump up your grade: Shape matters (1.4) Extension: Shape matters (1.5) Bump up your grade: Doctor, doctor (1.6) Extension: Doctor, Doctor (1.6) Support: What’s what? (1.6) How science works: Does the concentration of a disinfectant change its effectiveness at killing bacteria? (1.7) Practical: Growing microorganisms (1.7) Animation: Immunity due to vaccination (1.9) WebQuest: The chickenpox vaccine (1.9) Interactive activity: Preventing disease Revision podcast: Healthy diets and exercise Test yourself: Keeping healthy On Your Marks: Keeping healthy Examination-style questions Answers to examination-style questions Teacher notes © Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 3 B1, Chapter 1 Keeping healthy Student overview In this chapter you will study the role that diet, exercise and inherited factors have on health. You will also look at how microorganisms can cause disease, and how the body’s immune system and drugs help to combat infection. You will learn about the role of white blood cells and antibodies in immunity. The differences between antibiotics, disinfectants and other drugs which treat the symptoms of infection, rather than killing pathogens, will be covered. You will be expected to learn how vaccination works. You will need to show that you understand how dead or inactive forms of a pathogen are used to make the body produce antibodies and develop immunity. You will get the opportunity to look at how bacteria can be grown in a school lab. There are things you need to watch out for to reduce the risk of any harmful bacteria being produced. You will compare what can be done in schools to what can be done in research and industrial laboratories. Advances in medicine have been important in reducing death and illness caused by infection. You will look at the new problems faced by medical science. Antibioticresistant strains of bacteria are an example. You will learn how the use of antibiotics combined with the ability of bacteria to mutate has created dangerous, resistant strains of bacteria. Watch out! Before studying this chapter you may already have some ideas about how a person should live to be healthy. You may think that certain foods such as fat are bad for you. While too much fat (or too much of anything) can be bad for you, it is an essential part of a healthy diet and is required by the body for many different processes in the right amounts. Many people think that antibiotics kill all microorganisms. They are however useless against viruses and can only be used to treat bacterial infections. Connections between topics This chapter links with Chapter 8, Evolution, in looking at how mutation can lead to antibiotic resistance. © Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 4