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Chapter 9 – Launching A New Republic (1789 – 1800) Find the information for the questions/charts in Chapter 9 and Section 1 of Chapter 10. Precedents of the President Explain the significance of the 3 precedents (example established for those who follow in the future) below that were established by George Washington during his tenure as the first U.S. president. Precedents Two-Term Presidency – Washington graciously stepped down after two terms, politely declining a third term, which set the standard for future presidents. Cabinet –Group of advisors who head various government departments State –Jefferson, War-Knox, Treasury- Hamilton Mr. President – Rather than take a title of royalty like “His Excellency” or “His Highness,” GW simply wanted to be called “Mr. President.” Thee Man Steps Down (A Well-Deserved Retirement) Warnings Neutrality – U.S. should remain neutral in foreign affairs and avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations. Political Parties – avoid political disagreements (or parties) because it will divide the nation. Hamilton – Man With A Plan Describe the actions taken by Alexander Hamilton to create a financially strong country. Payment of Debts - Federal government should pay off the war debts of states Taxes - Taxes like the Whiskey Tax would create revenue for the govt. Tariffs (define a tariff and provide two purposes of a tariff) - Tariff – tax on imported goods 1. brings in revenue to the government 2. promotes growth of American economy by protecting U.S. industry National Bank – 3 things its creation would accomplish 1. safe place to keep government money ($) 2. ability to make loans to businesses and the government (interest) 3. could issue paper currency (bank notes) Here Comes The Judge(s) How did the establishment of an independent federal court system take place? Federal Judiciary Act - describe it and what it provided -Passed by Congress in 1789 and provided lower federal courts, including U.S. District Courts & U.S. Courts of Appeals -Supreme Court would have 6 justices (now 9), including a Chief Justice Describe how Marbury v. Madison helped define the Supreme Court’s role in the system of checks and balances and gave the Court its most significant power. Marbury v. Madison – (1803) -Established judicial review, which gave the Supreme Court the authority to declare laws unconstitutional. This gives the Supreme Court the final say in interpreting the Constitution. What did the U.S. government gain from the Battle of Fallen Timbers and the Treaty of Greenville? At the Battle of Fallen Timbers, “Mad Anthony” Wayne defeated NA forces And gained control of the Northwest Territory for the U.S. government. Through the Treaty of Greenville, the NA’s ceded lands that are now most of Ohio and parts of Indiana. What led to the Whiskey Rebellion and why did Thee Man believe it was important to crush it? The Whiskey Rebellion was an armed uprising of farmers in Pennsylvania who were protesting the whiskey tax in 1794. Washington felt it was important to show that the executive and central government were capable of maintaining order by a showing of force, if necessary. Party Time! By the beginning of the 19th century, two major U.S. political parties emerge, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, who had very different ideologies on how the government should be run. Find information for the charts to explain each party’s philosophy for the topics below. Support for England or France Federalists Hamilton-Adams - Favored British because they were most important trading partners of U.S. and French began to seize U.S. ships Democratic-Republicans Jefferson-Madison - Favored French because they were our allies in the RevWar, had same democratic ideals so would be hypocritical to not do so Strict or Loose Interpretation of the Constitution? Federalists Democratic-Republicans - Favored a loose, flexible interpretation -Favored a strict, narrow interpretation - The “elastic clause” of the Constitution grants powers to Congress that are not clearly defined, like the establishment of a National Bank -Powers of the federal govt. should be clearly defined in the Constitution – otherwise the federal government could become too powerful Payment of Debt Federalists Democratic-Republicans - Federal govt. needed to show - Many southern states, like Virginia, it was responsible w/$, so it opposed this plan because they had should pay off all states’ debts repaid their debts, so it was unfair and debts under Articles of Conf. and favored northern states govt. to establish credibility to U.S. citizens and foreign nations - Also claimed it put too much power in for future business with them the hands of the federal govt. Establishment of a National Bank Federalists - “Elastic Clause” grants power to create National Bank Democratic-Republicans - Opposed it because nothing in the Constitution states that the federal govt. has the authority to create a Nat’l Bank - Safe place for govt. $ - Can loan $ to businesses & govt. - Can issue bank notes (paper $) – Smaller, local banks should handle the nation’s $