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Chapter 17- Therapy
Day 12 Major Types of Therapy
1. Psychological Therapies: employ interaction (usually verbal) between
___________________________ and a client with a problem
2. Biomedical: therapies directed at a patient’s __________________.
Psychotherapy Differs Depending on the Perspective of Therapist
Psychotherapy: emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and
someone who suffers from ___________________
There are different types based on personality theories we discussed:
1
2.
3.
4.
Eclectic Approach Takes a Smorgasbord Approach
Eclectic Approach: uses a variety of different techniques from ___________________
depending on the problem of the individual.
___________________ of therapists take this approach.
How do Psychoanalysts Unmask Your “Repressed Anxiety?”
1. While doing _____________________ there will be blocks in your flow. Analysts
interpret these blocks as Resistance.
–________________: the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
– Based on your resistance the analysts will try to provide __________________:
noting supposed meaning behind blocks In flow to provide patient with insight (reason
behind your problems).
2. Psychoanalysts also interpret dreams’ ___________________________
3. Interpreting _________________________
–After revealing extremely personal things about themselves to therapists, patients
often start to feel ______________________________________________.
–Freud argued that the feelings you feel towards a therapist represented transference:
patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as
_______________________ for a parent).
Criticism of Psychoanalytic Therapy
1. Built on assumption that ______________________.
2. Interpretations __________________ right or wrong.
3. Is very ___________________and costly…usually takes several years to achieve insight.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy as an Alternative To Psychoanalysis
Interpersonal Psychotherapy: occurs in much __________________ and also aims to to
help patients gain insight into the _____________________________.
However instead of focusing on past, this approach focuses on _____________________
and how to deal with problems….looking for symptom relief instead of personality change.
Psychotherapy Two: Humanistic Approach
Humanistic perspective hopes to boost _______________________ by helping people grow
in __________________________________.
Main Focuses:
1. The ________________________
2. ____________________ Rather than Unconscious Thoughts
3. _____________________________ for feelings
4. Promote _____________ instead of cures.
Carl Rogers’ Client or Person Centered Therapy
Most widely used humanistic technique is ____________________________: technique
which involves ___________________ witihin a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment
to facilitate clients’ growth.
_____________________: technique in which therapist is non-directive towards client and
empathizes with them by _____________________________________________.
Client Centered Therapy Promotes Self-Awareness
When given __________________________ clients start to accept themselves including their
faults and feel more valued and whole.
Psychotherapy Three: Behavior Therapies Focus on Learning
Unlike previous 2 psychotherapies, behavior therapies are ____________________ in the
underlying cause of the problem or in achieving self-awareness.
Behavior Therapies: assume the problems are the behaviors themselves and look to use
well-established ______________________ to eliminate the unwanted behavior.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Argue that learned responses like phobias can be unlearned through __________________.
Counterconditioning: behavior therapy that conditions ______________________ that
trigger your unwanted behaviors.
Ex: pair fear of heights with relaxing stimuli.
Two Types of Counterconditioning
1. Systematic Desensitization: exposure technique used to commonly treat phobias.
Associates a pleasant relaxed state with ___________________ anxiety-triggering stimuli
until anxiety towards stimuli is eliminated.
Goal is to _____________________________________
Key to enacting procedure is __________________________.
Also called Graduated Exposure Theory
Flooding: involves ___________________________________ that causes undesirable
response to show that stimulus isn’t dangerous.
Flooding can lead to extinction of fear.
Less Aggressive Exposure Therapy (Not in Book)
Implosion: patient __________________________ rather than being exposed to actual
negative stimulus…hopes to reduce anxiety.
Usually used as ____________________________________
Two Types of Counterconditioning
2. Aversive Conditioning: is the opposite of systematic desensitization. Looks to reverse a
negative behavior by associating an _______________________________________.
Operant Conditioning Therapy
 Token Economy: procedure that _________________________. Patient exchanges a
token of some sort, earned for good behavior, for various privileges or treats.
Observational Learning’s Impact on Therapy
Bandura’s theories on __________________ were extended to therapy when it was shown
that Clients learn through observation of appropriate behavior (and Rewards) and will be
________________________________________
Day 2- Cognitive and Biomedical
Assumption and Goal of Cognitive Therapy
_________________________ assumes that thoughts exist between events and
responses. A person’s response depends on how ________________________.
__________________________ is to teach people new and more realistic, helpful,
and adaptive ___________________________________.
Want to See glass half-full instead of half-empty!!
Aaron Beck’s Views on Depression (NOT IN BOOK)
Beck believed the key to understanding depression was in an
_____________________
 Argued depressed people’s _________________________________________
caused them to misinterpret the world which often caused them to feel worthless and
incompetent.
Depressed people tend to view world with “______________________.”
Beck’s Examples of Negative Schemas (NOT IN BOOK)
Arbitrary Interference: drawing negative conclusions from an event
__________________________________.
Ex: After an argument thinking “that person hates me.”
__________________________: irrational ______________________________
Ex: “I can’t be happy unless everyone likes me.”
Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy (NOT IN BOOK)
Albert Ellis also believed that people’s maladaptive thoughts led to
_____________________________________.
He promoted a form of treatment known as ___________________________:
involves getting patients to _________________________ within their thought patterns and
helping them create healthier forms of thinking and behaving.
Rational Emotive Therapy is a Form of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: aims to ________________________ (ex: irrational
thought patterns) and act (ex: compulsions).
Nearly all Psychotherapies can be Conducted as Group Therapies
Less costly and time consuming therapy is often effective b/c it helps people see that they
are ________________ in their problem.
Family Therapy: assumes no person is an island and that we grow in relation to our
families but we also seek to differentiate from them which leads to friction.
Therapy focuses on maintaining _____________________
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy? How do We Evaluate?
Is it therapy that helps people get better or would it occur naturally?
______________________________: the tendency for for unusual emotions
(depression/sadness) or events to return (regress) _________________________
________________________
In order to test impact of treated vs. untreated, studies using meta-analysis must be used.
Meta-analysis: procedure for statistically combining the results of
_______________________________________
Which Therapies work for which problems

No difference between group and ind.
Cognitive and behavior therapy- depression
Cognitive, exposure- Anxiety

Behavior modification- bed wetting

Alternative Therapy
1. ____________________________
–No human energy field
2. ____________________________ and Reprocessing
–Maybe
–But… probably….
1. Placebo and reliving trauma
3. Light Exposure
–________________________
Who Conducts Therapy?
Clinical psychologists
–Most are ___________________________. and expertise in research,
assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship.
–About half work in agencies and institutions, ______________________
Clinical or Psychiatric social worker
–A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision
prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with
_________________________________________
–About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of
clinical social worker.
Counselors
–______________________________ specialize in problems arising from family
relations.
–____________________________ provide counseling to countless people.
–______________________ work with substance abusers and with spouse and
child abusers and their victims.
Psychiatrists
–Physicians who specialize in the treatment of __________________________..
–Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they
_____________________. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious
problems.
–Many have a _____________________.
Therapies outside of Psychotherapy Are Often Biomedical
The biomedical perspective focuses on ____________________________
Biomedical perspective is rooted in discoveries of psychopharmacology: study of the
effect of _____________________________________________
Drug Treatments: Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic disorders like ___________________.
Antipsychotics helps those experiencing both ________________________ symptoms.
Most Common Examples:
–_________________: alleviates delusions/hallucinations.
–_________________: alleviates negative symptoms and social withdrawal.
Drug Treatments:
Anxiolytics (Anti-Anxiety)
Anti-Anxiety drugs depress nervous system activity.
Often most _____________________________
Most common examples are:
–______________
–Librium
–Xanax
Drug Treatments: Anti-depressants
Most anti-depressants increase the availability of norepinephrine and
_____________which elevates arousal and mood.
Most common examples are:
–
–
–Paxil
Drug Treatments:Bipolar Disorder
The salt ________________ is most frequently used to treat the mood swings of
___________________________.
Decreases adrenaline and _________________________.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive Therapy: used to treat the ______________________ after
other treatments have failed.
Success rate is _________.
Side effects can include some __________________.
Psychosurgery is Most Drastic Intervention
Psychosurgery involves ________________________________ in an effort to
change behavior.
Best known procedure is a _________________: Ice pick like instrument is put through
the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers.
Used to be used to “cure” ______________________________ but now very rare.