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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Energy and Living Things Flow of Energy SUN Producers Secondary Consumers Solar Energy Primary Consumer (recycled nutrients) Decomposers Autotrophs • Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food using sunlight – Plants and some bacteria are autotrophs Photosynthesis- the process of converting sunlight(solar energy) into food(glucose) Chemical Equation: CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen Heterotrophs • Heterotrophs are organisms that can not make their own food, so they eat other organisms for food – Animals, fungi, and protists are heterotrophs Cellular Respiration- the metabolic process of breaking down food to release energy - cellular respiration converts food energy into ATP to power cells Chemical Equation: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O ATP • ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate – ATP is the primary source of energy in cells TRIPHOSPHATE ADENOSINE • ATP can be converted to ADP by removing a phosphate – ADP = adenosine diphosphate ATP ADP • Converting ATP to ADP releases energy!!! ATP ADP + Energy ATP Molecular Diagram Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the process of converting sunlight into food(glucose) using chloroplasts Stage 1: Energy is Captured from Sunlight Stage 2: Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy(ATP) using Water Stage 3: CO2 and ATP combine to produce Glucose(C6H12O6) for the plant Photosynthesis Equation Sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon Dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts are organelles that allow plants to perform photosynthesis Chlorophyll: a green pigment in chloroplasts that traps sunlight for photosynthesis * plants have 2 types of chlorophyll, type a & b Carotenoids: a yellow/orange pigment that absorbs different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll * carotenoids are more visible in the fall Color Absorption Structure of Chloroplasts Structure of Chloroplasts Chemical Reactions in Chloroplasts H2O + CO2 Light Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP O2 + Glucose Light Reactions • Light reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast • Light reactions use sunlight & water(H2O) to make oxygen(O2) and ATP • Light reactions only occur when the plant is exposed to sunlight Calvin Cycle • The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast • The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and carbon dioxide(CO2) to produce Glucose and ATP Steps of the Calvin Cycle 1) CO2 is combined with a 5-carbon molecule by an enzyme forming a 6-carbon molecule 2) The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules 3) One of the 3-carbon molecules is used to make glucose 4) The other 3-carbon molecule is used to replace the 5-carbon molecule used in step 1 Diagram of the Calvin Cycle Step 1: Step 2: CO2 + 5-carbon molecule O2 released 6-carbon molecule Step 4: 3-carbon molecules Step 3: Glucose Cellular Respiration • Cellular Respiration is the process of breaking down food(glucose) to release energy(ATP) * ALL LIVING THINGS PERFORM CELLULAR RESPIRATION - plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc… Steps of Cellular Respiration • Stage 1: Glycolysis – Glucose is converted to pyruvate • Stage 2: Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration – If O2 is present, pyruvate & O2 produce CO2(carbon dioxide) and H2O(water) AEROBIC RESPIRATION – If O2 is not present, pyruvate breaks down into CO2(carbon dioxide) and lactic acid or ethanol ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Glycolysis • Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose to make pyruvate Glucose 6-carbon compound KEY = carbon = phosphate Pyruvate 3-carbon compounds Aerobic Respiration • Aerobic Respiration uses O2 • Chemical Equation: Pyruvate + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP Anaerobic Respiration • Anaerobic respiration does not use O2 Alcoholic Fermentation: Pyruvate CO2 + ethanol + 2 ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate CO2 + lactic acid + 2 ATP END OF CHAPTER 5 NOTES!!!