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Chapter 5
Photosynthesis
&
Cellular Respiration
Energy and Living Things
Flow of Energy
SUN
Producers
Secondary
Consumers
Solar Energy
Primary
Consumer
(recycled nutrients)
Decomposers
Autotrophs
• Autotrophs are organisms that make their
own food using sunlight
– Plants and some bacteria are autotrophs
Photosynthesis- the process of converting
sunlight(solar energy) into food(glucose)
Chemical Equation:
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen
Heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs are organisms that can not
make their own food, so they eat other
organisms for food
– Animals, fungi, and protists are heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration- the metabolic process
of breaking down food to release energy
- cellular respiration converts food energy into
ATP to power cells
Chemical Equation:
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O
ATP
• ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
– ATP is the primary source of energy in cells
TRIPHOSPHATE
ADENOSINE
• ATP can be converted to ADP by
removing a phosphate
– ADP = adenosine diphosphate
ATP  ADP
• Converting ATP to ADP
releases energy!!!
ATP  ADP + Energy
ATP Molecular Diagram
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is the process of
converting sunlight into food(glucose)
using chloroplasts
Stage 1: Energy is Captured from Sunlight
Stage 2: Light Energy is Converted to
Chemical Energy(ATP) using Water
Stage 3: CO2 and ATP combine to produce
Glucose(C6H12O6) for the plant
Photosynthesis Equation
Sunlight
6 CO2 + 6 H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen
Chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts are organelles that allow
plants to perform photosynthesis
Chlorophyll: a green pigment in chloroplasts
that traps sunlight for photosynthesis
* plants have 2 types of chlorophyll, type a & b
Carotenoids: a yellow/orange pigment that
absorbs different wavelengths of light than
chlorophyll
* carotenoids are more visible in the fall
Color Absorption
Structure of Chloroplasts
Structure of Chloroplasts
Chemical Reactions in
Chloroplasts
H2O
+
CO2
Light
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
O2
+
Glucose
Light Reactions
• Light reactions occur in the thylakoids of
the chloroplast
• Light reactions use sunlight & water(H2O)
to make oxygen(O2) and ATP
• Light reactions only occur when the plant
is exposed to sunlight
Calvin Cycle
• The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of
the chloroplast
• The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and carbon
dioxide(CO2) to produce Glucose and ATP
Steps of the Calvin Cycle
1) CO2 is combined with a 5-carbon molecule
by an enzyme forming a 6-carbon molecule
2) The 6-carbon molecule is split into two
3-carbon molecules
3) One of the 3-carbon molecules is used to
make glucose
4) The other 3-carbon molecule is used to
replace the 5-carbon molecule used in step 1
Diagram of the Calvin Cycle
Step 1:
Step 2:
CO2 +
5-carbon
molecule
O2
released
6-carbon
molecule
Step 4:
3-carbon
molecules
Step 3:
Glucose
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular Respiration is the process of
breaking down food(glucose) to release
energy(ATP)
* ALL LIVING THINGS PERFORM
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc…
Steps of Cellular Respiration
• Stage 1: Glycolysis
– Glucose is converted to pyruvate
• Stage 2: Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration
– If O2 is present, pyruvate & O2 produce CO2(carbon
dioxide) and H2O(water)
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
– If O2 is not present, pyruvate breaks down into
CO2(carbon dioxide) and lactic acid or ethanol
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is the process of breaking down
glucose to make pyruvate
Glucose
6-carbon compound
KEY
= carbon
= phosphate
Pyruvate
3-carbon compounds
Aerobic Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration uses O2
• Chemical Equation:
Pyruvate + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic respiration does not use O2
Alcoholic Fermentation:
Pyruvate  CO2 + ethanol + 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Pyruvate  CO2 + lactic acid + 2 ATP
END OF CHAPTER 5 NOTES!!!