Download Ch25and26Outline

Christian Eguaras
Mr. Haskell Per. 4
World History
12 January 2006
Chapter 25 and 26 Outline
Chapter 25: The New Imperialism
I. The New Imperialism
A. The Industrial Revolution greatly strengthened European economies, and
westerners had a new sense of confidence in themselves.
B. By the 1800s, Europe had developed politically and economically.
C. Between 1500 and 1800, Europe had little influence on the lives of the peoples of
China, India or Africa.
II. Motives of the New Imperialists
A. Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum,
manganese for steel, and palm oil for machinery.
B. Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread
what they saw as the blessings of western civilization, including its medicine, law,
and Christian religion.
C. Westerners, critics said, were moving toward greater democracy at home but were
imposing undemocratic rule on other people.
III. Down the Barrel of a Gun
A. While the European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older
civilizations were in decline, especially the Ottoman Middle East, Mughal India,
and Qing China.
B. Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments,
and powerful armies and navies.
C. Africans and Asians strongly resisted western expansion.
IV. Forms of Imperial Control
A. The French colonial rule practiced direct rule, sending officials from France to
administer their colonies.
B. The British colonial rule relied on a system of indirect rule. They used sultans,
chiefs, or other rulers as their agents in governing their colonies.
C. Europeans had a sphere of influence in China and other places to prevent conflicts
among themselves.
V. On the Eve of the Scramble
A. Westerners called Africa the “dark continent” meaning the unknown land.
B. In the later 1800s, European nations sent explorers to Africa and later became
involved in a “scramble” for African colonies.
C. Some people in Africa lived in centralized states, others in village communities,
still others in herding or food-gathering societies.
VI. European Contracts Increase
A. In Britain and the United States, abolitionists promoted the idea of returning freed
slaves to Africa.
B. In the early 1800s, European explorers began pushing into the interior of Africa.
C. Dr. Livingston greatly opposed the slave trade, and the only way to end this, he
believed, was to open up the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade.
VII. The Great Scramble Begins
A. To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference in 1884,
in Berlin, Germany.
B. At the Berlin Conference, European powers recognized Leopold’s private claims
to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers.
C. Leopold and other wealthy Belgians exploited the riches of the Congo, including
its copper, rubber, and ivory.
VIII. Carving up a Continent
A. In the Late 1800s, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer republics set
off the Boer War.
B. In 1910, the British united the Cape Colony and the former Boer republics into
the Union of South Africa.
C. Other European powers joined the scramble, in part to bolster their national
image, in part to further their economic growth influence.
IX. Africans Fight Back
A. Samori Toure fought French forces in West Africa, where he was building his
own empire.
B. The ancient Christian kingdom, Ethiopia, had survived in the highlands of East
Africa.
C. By the early 1900s, African leaders were forging national movements to pursue
self determination and independence.
X. Ferment in the Muslim World
A. In the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires ruled much of this world, the Mughals
in India, the Ottomans in the Middle East, and the Safavids in Iran.
B. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim
world.
C. Added to internal ferment and decay, the old Muslim empires faced western
imperialism.
XI. Challenges to the Ottoman Empire
A. As the ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts posed
constant challenges within the multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire.
B. Britain, France, and Russia each sought to benefit from the slow crumbling of the
Ottoman-held Empire.
C. Britain tried to thwart Russia’s ambitions, which it saw as a threat to its own
power in the Mediterranean and beyond it to India.
XII. Efforts at Reform
A. Since the late 1700s, Ottoman rulers had seen the need for reform.
B. In the 1890s, a group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks.
C. By the 1890s, nationalism was igniting new tensions, especially between Turks
and minority peoples who sought their own states.
XIII. Egypt seeks to Modernize
A. Egypt’s success at reform was due to Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim
Soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt in 1805.
B. Muhammad Ali improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding system, and
backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output.
C. When a nationalist revolt erupted in 1882, Britain made Egypt a protectorate.
XIV. Iran and the Western Powers
A. Like the Ottoman Empire, Iran faced major challenges in the 1800s.
B. Concessions, or economic rights granted to foreign powers, outraged Iranian
nationalists.
C. The religious leaders often spoke for the masses of the people who lived in rural
poverty and resented government interference.
XV. The East India Company
A. In the early 1600s, the British East India Company obtained trading rights on the
fringe of the Mughal Empire.
B. The East India Company’s main goal in India was to make money.
C. Missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christians, which they felt was far
superior to Indian religions.
XVI. The Sepoy Rebellion
A. Peasants felt the impact of the British-imposed economic policies and were angry
at laws that violated ancient customs.
B. The Sepoy Rebellion swept across northern and central India.
C. The Sepoy Rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both
sides.
XVII. The “Brightest Jewel”
A. A British viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen, and British officials
held the top positions in the civil service and army.
B. Improved transportation let the British sell their factory-made goods across the
subcontinent and carry Indian cotton, jute, wheat, and coal to coastal ports for
transport to factories in England.
C. One of the benefits that the Indians gained from British control was that they
could send their sons to British schools where they were trained for posts in the
civil service and military.
XVIII. Indians and British: Viewing Two Cultures
A. During the age of imperialism, Indians and British developed different view of
each other’s culture.
B. Most British people knew little about Indian achievements and dismissed Indian
culture with contempt.
C. Ram Mohum Roy is often considered the founder of Indian nationalism.
XIX. Growing Nationalism
A. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist
movement
B. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress, which
became known as the Congress party.
C. They called for greater democracy, which they felt would bring more power to
Indians like themselves.
XX. The Trade Issue
A. By the late 1700s, two developments were underway that would transform
China’s relations with the western world.
B. During the late 1700s, British merchants discovered that they could make huge
profits by trading opium grown in India for Chinese tea, which was popular in
Britain.
C. During the mid-1800s, western powers squeezed China to win additional rights,
such as opening more ports to trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in
China.
XXI. Internal Pressures
A. The Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1850 to 1864, was probably the most
devastating peasant revolt in history.
B. Hong Xuiguan, the leader of the revolt, was influenced by the teachings of
Christian missionaries, and he was disappointed when westerners refused to help
his cause.
C. The Qiing government survived, but it had to share power with regional
commanders who rebuilt the region and their power base.
XXII. Reform Efforts
A. By the mid-1800s, educated Chinese were divided over the need to adopt western
ways.
B. Although Chinese merchant were allowed to do business, they were not seen as a
source of economic prosperity.
C. Scholar-officials also disapproved of the ideas of western missionaries, whose
emphasis on individual choice challenge the Confucian order.
XXIII. The Empire Crumbles
A. While the Chinese welcomed some western ideas, they resented Christian
missionaries who belittled Chinese thinkers like Confucius.
B. In 1899, a group of Chinese had formed a secret society, the Righteous
Harmonious Fists.
C. By the early 1900s, China’s government introduced a constitutional monarchy.
Chapter 26: New Global Patterns
I. Strains in Tokugawa Japan
A. The Tokugawa shoguns, who had gained power in 1600, reimposed centralized
feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners, and forbade Japanese to travel overseas.
B. During 215 years, the economy expanded, especially the internal commerce.
C. The government responded by trying to revive old ways, emphasizing farming
over commerce, and extolling the virtues of simple moral values.
II. Opening up Japan
A. While the shogun faced troubles at home, disturbing news reached him from
abroad.
B. In July 1853, a fleet of well-armed American ships commanded by Commodore
Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo bay.
C. In 1867, discontented daimyo and samurai led a revolt that unseated the shogun
and “restored” the emperor to power.
III. Fukuzawa Yukichi Travels Abroad
A. In 1860, even before the Meiji restoration, Fukuzawa sailed on the first Japanese
ship to cross the Pacific and visit California
B. Fukuzawa was more interested in American life than industry, which he had read
about in books.
C. On a visit to Europe, Fukuzawa had his first view of democratic politics.
IV. Reforms under the Meiji
A. The reformers wanted to create a strong central government, equal to those of
western powers.
B. Japan established a western-style bureaucracy with separate departments to
supervise finance, the army, the navy, and education.
C. The government set up a banking system, built railroad, improved ports, and
organized a telegraph and postal system.
V. Competition for Empire
A. As with western industrial powers, Japan’s economic ideas fed it imperialist
desires.
B. In 1894, rivalry between Japan and China over Korea led to war.
C. In the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan gained control of Korea as well as rights
in parts of Manchuria.
VI. Korea: A Focus of Competition
A. In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its ports to Japanese
trade.
B. As Japan extended its influence in Korea, it came into conflict with China, which
still saw Korea as a tributary state.
C. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea outright, ending Korean independence and
absorbing the kingdom into the Japanese empire.
VII. Colonizing Southeast Asia
A. In the 1500s and 1600s, European merchants gained footholds in the region, but
most of Southeast Asian peoples remained independent.
B. When the Industrial Revolution set off the Age of Imperialism in the 1800s, the
situation changed.
C. Westerners played off local rivalries and used their modern armies and
technology to colonize much of Southeast Asia.
VIII. Thailand Survives
A. King Mongkut and is son Chulalongkorn, who ruled from 1868 to 1910, reformed
government, modernized the army, and hired western experts to train Thais in the
new technology.
B. In the end, both Britain and France was the advantage of making Thailand a
buffer, or neutral zone, between them.
C. In the early 1900s, they guaranteed Thailand’s independence.
IX. Imperialism and Nationalism in the Philippines
A. In the 1500s, Spain had seized the Philippines and extended its rule over the
islands.
B. Catholic missionaries spread Christianity among the Filipinos, and the Catholic
Church gained enormous power and wealth.
C. In return for the Americans’ help, the Filipino rebels had expected the Americans
to recognize their independence.
X. Western Powers in the Pacific
A. In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the
Pacific.
B. In 1878, the United States secured an “unequal treaty” from Samoa, gaining rights
such as extraterritoriality and a naval station.
C. By 1900, the United States, Britain, France, and Germany had claimed nearly
every island in the Pacific.
XI. The Canadian Pattern
A. After the American Revolution, an estimated 30,000 or more colonists who had
remained loyal to Britain fled to Canada.
B. Unlike the French-speaking Catholics, the newcomers were English-speaking and
Protestant.
C. In the late 1800s, and early 1900s, immigrants flooded into Canada from Europe
and Asia.
XII. Europeans in Australia
A. The Dutch in the 1600s were the first Europeans to reach Australia, the world’s
smallest continent.
B. During the 1700s, Britain had sent convicts to its North American colonies,
especially to Georgia.
C. To fulfill its need for prisons, Britain made Australia into a penal colony, a place
to send people convicted of crimes.
XIII. New Zealand
A. Unlike Australia, where the Aborigines were spread thinly across a large
continent, the Maoris were concentrated in a smaller area.
B. As settlers poured in, they took over more and more of the land, leading to fierce
wars with the Maoris.
C. By the 1870s, resistance crumbled, and the Maori population dropped drastically
from 250,000 to less than 50,000.
XIV. Problems Facing the New Nations
A. During the 1800s, most Latin American nations were plagued by revolts, civil
war, and dictatorships.
B. As in Europe, the ruling elite in Latin America were divided between
conservatives and liberals.
C. The liberals saw themselves as enlightened supporters of progress but often
showed little concern for the needs of the majority of the people.
XV. The Economics of Dependence
A. Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically
dependent on Spain and Portugal.
B. In the 1800s, foreign goods flooded into Latin America, creating large profits for
foreigners and for a handful of local business people.
C. By the early 1900s, Venezuela and Mexico were developing important oil
industries.
XVI. Mexico’s Struggle for Stability
A. Large landowners, army leaders, and the Catholic Church dominated Mexican
politics.
B. Deep social divisions separated wealthy creoles from mestizos and Indians who
lived in desperate poverty.
C. In 1835, American settlers and some Mexicans in Texas revolted and the next
year set up an independent republic.
XVII. Colossus of the North
A. As nations like Mexico tried to build table governments, a neighboring republic,
the United States, was expanding across North America.
B. From the late 1800s, the United States had wanted to build a canal across Central
America.
C. In the 1820s, Spain plotted to recover its American colonies.
XVIII. New Economic Patterns
A. During the Age of Imperialism, a truly global economy emerged.
B. The demands of the new world economy disrupted traditional local economies in
Africa and Asia.
C. Western capitalists developed plantations and mines but relied on a steady supply
of local labor to work them.
XIX. Cultural Impact
A. During the Age of Imperialism, Europeans were convinced of their own
superiority and believed they had a mission to “civilize” the world.
B. As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept
modern ways.
C. Thus, during the Age of Imperialism, westernization and modernization came to
be seen as one and the same.
XX. New Political Tensions
A. By the early1900s, resistance to imperialism was taking a new course.
B. At the same time, the competition for empire was fueling tensions among western
powers.
C. In 1914 and 1939, imperialist ambitions would contribute to the outbreak of two
chattering world wars.