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1.
THE LIVING WORLD
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Living world has diverse variety of living organisms and the biologists have framed certain
rules and principles in order to study these organisms. The branch of knowledge dealing with
these aspects is referred as systematic/ taxonomy.
2. In the beginning, the organisms were known by their common names and were classified based
on their utility, habitat and habit. Later on, these organisms were given scientific names in
order to maintain uniformity in the whole world and these are based on accepted principles
established as a code.
3. The prime objective of biological classification is to arrange plants and organisms represent or
occupy a place or position in the system of classification. This position denotes a unit and
represents a rank or category. There are many categories or ranks and are referred as
taxonomic categories or taxa and all the categories constitute taxonomic hierarchy.
4. Hierarchical classification means grouping or organisms ranking one above the other. Species,
genus, family, order, class, phylum and kingdom are the seven hierarchies of categories or
ranks.
5. Taxonomists have developed variety of taxonomic tools or aids for identification, naming and
classification of organisms. Even, they have developed artificial keys or identification and
classification of organisms.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
6. Biodiversity: Refers to the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region.
7. Binomial nomenclature: Organism is represented by two names – the first is genetic name and
the second is specific name.
8. Botanical garden: Specialized garden where collection of living plants are maintained reference
purpose.
9. Category: Rank or level in the hierarchial classification of organisms.
10. Chemotaxonomy: A study of certain characteristic chemical constituents of organisms to study
the taxonomic relationship between them.
11. Classification: A system of arrangement of organisms into groups showing relationship.
12. Cytotaxonomy: A technique of understanding the taxonomic relationship between species
using the cytological information.
13. Genus: A group of species having close resemblance to one another.
14. Herbarium: Permanent records of plant specimens which have been preserved for future study.
15. Hierarchy: A group of things ranked one above another.
16. Identification: Refers to the identification of correct position by an organism in the plan of
classification.
17. Nomenclature: A process of giving scientific names to plants and animals.
18. Species: A group of organisms that can actually or potentially interbreed in natural population.
19. Systematic: The science of diversity of the organisms.
20. Taxon: A unit of classification of organisms which can be recognized and assigned to a definite
category at any level of classification.
21. Taxonomic key: A devise for easy identification of an organism using chief distinguishing
characters.
22. Vasculum: A box that is used in putting the collected specimens to avoid loss of moisture and
shriveling up.
QUESTIONS
Choose correct possible answers
1. Taxon is
a. Any type of taxonomic grouping based on similarity of trait.
b. A rank in hierarchical classification
c. A group of closely related families
d. A group of closely related organisms
2. In binomial nomenclature, every organism has
a. Two names, one Latin & other common
b. Two names, one scientific & other common
c. Two names by two scientists
d. One scientific name with two words – a generic and specific
3. The smallest unit of classification is
a. Family
b. Order
c. Genus
d. Species
4. Plants were given names in Latin by scientists because
a. Latin was a comparatively simple language
b. In medical practice prescription were written in Latin
c. Scientists liked to impress people with their knowledge
d. Latin was the common language known to scientists
5. The scientific name of mango is Mangifera indica L. Which of the following is correct
statement?
a. The L means that the particular name is from the Latin language
b. The L means that the Linnaeus gave this scientific name
c. The name is not written properly – the first letter of indica ought to be capitalized
d. The L. actually has nothing to do with the assignment of the name
6. The largest herbarium of the world is located at
a. Geneva
b. Berlin
c. New York
d. Kew
7. The National Botanical Research Institute is located at
a. Delhi
b. Dehradun
c. Lucknow
d. Shillong
ANSWERS
1. a
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. d 7. c
2.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. There are millions of living organisms in this world and it requires some type of classification
for their proper identification. Artificial system of classification is based upon one or few
superficial resemblances and differences, disregarding any phylogenic relationship. Natural
system of classification and others are based upon their structural resemblances or correlation.
This system reflects phylogeny and forms relationship by relating important characteristics of
plants and animals.
2. Carolus Linnaeus introduced the two kingdom classification where he divided all the
organisms into two groups-kingdom plantae and kingdom animalia. He also devised the
binomial system of classification. He published his scheme of classification in his books –
SpeciesPlantarium (1753) and Systema Naturae (1758). He is regarded as the ‘Father of
Taxonomy’.
3. The new five-kingdom arrangement of organisms was proposed by Whittakar in 1969 to
replace the old two-kingdom classification. These include monera, protista, fungi, plantae and
animalia. The criteria for making five kingdoms of life were: complexity of cell structure,
complexity of the organism’s body and mode of obtaining nutrition.
4. Five-kingdom classification reflects the phylogeny of different life styles in better ways as well
as separates the eukaryotes from the prokaryotes.
5. Besides the above kingdom, there are some other organisms which exist in nature. These are
viruses, mycoplasma and lichens. Viruses lie on the border line of living and non-living. These
can be crystallized but these behave as active living organisms inside the host cell.
Mycoplasma are smallest prokaryotes without cell wall called as PPLO. Lichens are the
symbiotic association of algae and fungi on the tree trunks and as pioneer colonizers of bare
rocks.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
6.
7.
8.
9.
Archaebacteria: Ancient bacteria living in wide variety of environment.
Artificial classification: A classification based on external, easily observable characters.
Bacteriophage: Virus infecting the bacteria.
Chemotaxonomy: A study of certain characteristic chemical constituents of organisms to study
the taxonomic relationship between them.
10. Classification: A system of arrangement of organisms into groups showing relationship.
11. Cyanobacteria: Blue green algae with prokaryotic cell organization.
12. Cytotaxonomy: A classification of organisms based on cytological information such as
chromosome number, structure and behaviour.
13. Diatoms: Photoplankton component of the ocean where their cell walls are impregnated with
glass like silica.
14. Dikaryon: A cell with two haploid nuclei of different mating types.
15. Dinoflagellates: Unicellular algae having cellulose cell wall divided into plates by giving
armoured appearance.
16. Eukaryotes: Organisms with true nucleus.
17. Golden algae: Diatoms
18. Hyphae: Simple, unbranched or branched multinucleated filament forming vegetative body of
the fungi.
19. Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei
20. Lichen: Symbiotic association of algae and fungi
21. Lysogenic cycle: A cycle where sensitive bacterium lyses and a large number of newly formed
virus particles are liberated.
22. Monera: A kingdom comprising of single celled prokaryotic organisms.
23. Mycobiont: Fungal component in lichen.
24. Mycoplasma: Smallest known aerobic prokaryotes without a cell wall.
25. Natural classification: A classification based on evolutionary relationships.
26. Parasite: An organism living on or inside the other living organisms and obtains food from
them.
27. Phycobiont: Algae component in lichen.
28. Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of group of organisms.
29. Plasmodium: Acellular, multinucleate mobile mass of protoplasm that lacks cell wall.
30. Plasmogamy: Mingling of protoplasm without nuclear fusion.
31. PPLO: Pleuropneumonia like organisms.
32. Prokaryotes: Organisms with true nucleus
33. Protists: Unicellular, eukaryotic aquatic microorganisms.
34. Saprophyte: An organism growing on dead and decaying organic matter.
35. Systematics: The science of diversity of the organisms.
36. Taxonomy: Study of all plants and animals, their identification and classification.
QUESTIONS
Choose correct answer
1. Phylloclade is a modification of
a. Root
b. Stem
2. Prickles in rose are
a. Modified leaves
c. Leaf
b. Accessory buds
d. None of these
c. Exogenous in origin d. Endogenous in origin
3. A unipinnate compound leaf looks very much like an ordinary branch with simple leaves. It
can be differentiated from the branch in the following way.
a. The leaflets of the compound leaf has no veins
b. The branch has axillary buds in the axil of the leaves.
c. The compound leaf has a terminal bud.
d. None of these.
4. Bracket fungi, toad stools and puff balls belong to the class
a. Phycomycetes
b. Ascomycetes
c. Basidiomycetes
d. None of the above
5. Lichens are considered as pioneers of xerophytic vegitatiion. In which of the following
sequence, they appear on a barren rock
(a) Foliose
Fructicose
Crustose
Moss
(b) Crustose
Fructicose
Foliose
Moss
© Crustose
Foliose
Fructicose
Moss
(d) Fructicose
Crustose
Foliose
Moss
6. Coenocytic hyphase are present in
(a) Rhyzopus
© Agaricus
(b) Yeast
(d) None of the above
7. When two nuclei lie side by side after mingling of protoplasm, then it is called
(a) Karyogamy
(b) Syngamy
© Synkaryon
(d) Dikaryon
8. Fungi imperfecti lack
(a) Spores
(b) Sexual reproduction
© Asexual reproduction
(d) Hyphare
9. Lichens are reproduced by
(a) Gonidia
(b) Conidia
© Oidia
(d) Soredia
10. Red tides are produced by
(a) Red algae
(b) Dinoflagellates
© Diatoms
(d) Phaeophyceae
11. Diatoms constitute the phytoplanktons of the sea because of
(a) Flagella
(b) Cillia
© Lipids
(d) Proteins
12. The cell wall of diatoms is formed of
(a) Cellulose
(b) Pectin
© Cellulose and silica
(d) Cellulose + chitin
ANSWERS
1. c
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. c
6. c
7. b
8. d
9. d
10. b 11. c
12.c
3.
PLANT KINGDOM
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Plant kingdom includes algae, bryphytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angisperms. Algae
have the simple plant body (thallus) ranging from free floating to filamentous types attached to
the soil.
2. Algae are classified in to three main classes depending upon their pigments. These are red
algae, brown algae and green algae. Red algae contain predominantly phycoerythrin and
phycocyanin pigments and these are mainly found in deep water. Brown algae are mostly
marine and they contain carotenoid and fucoxanthin pigments other than chlorophyll. Green
algae include Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas and Volvox etc. and carry chlorophyll, carotene and
other carotenoids.
3. Bryophytes are the amphibian of the plant kingdom and they need water for fertilization. They
are the group of small non-vascular plants and include liverworts (Riccia, Marchantia) and
mosses (Funaria).
4. Pteridophytes are the terrestrial vascular plants bearing true stems, roots and leaves but no
seeds. This plants are sporothytic and need water for fertilization. The club mosses
(Selaginella), horsetails( Equisetum) and the ferns belong to pteridophytes.
5. Gymnosperms are the naked seeded vascular plants that include cycades and conifers. These
plants mainly grow at high altitudes except cycads. The conifers are the most predominant
gymnosperms of the hilly areas.
6. Angiosperms are dominant seed-bearing plants. They are set apart from other seed plants by
enclosure of seed within fruit wall and by the possession of complex reproductive structure, the
flower.
7. Flowering plants are divided in to two sub-groups-monocot and dicot depending upon their
morphological and anatomical features.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
8. Agar
:
A non-nitrogenous gel like substance extracted from the red algae.
9. Algin
:
A crystalline powder isolated from the sea-kelps.
10. Antheridium :
A male reproductive structure in plants that produces antherozoids.
11. Aplanospores :
Non-motile spores.
12. Archegonum :
Dwarf shoot
:
Multicellular female reproductive organ in plants which contains an egg.
A shoot of limited growth borne on long shoot of pinus.
13. Ephedrine
An asthma curing medicine extracted from a gymnosperm, Epheedra.
:
14. Epizoic algae :
A green algae growing on the bodies of aquatic animals.
15. Gymnosperms :
Naked seeded vascular plants.
16. Gametophyte :
chromosome
A gamete producing generation characterized by the haploid
number.
17. Long shoot
A shoot of unlimited growth.
:
18. Megasporohyll:
A fertile leaf bearing megasporangia in the female cone of pinus.
19. Microsporophyll:
A fertile leaf bearing microsporangia in the female cone of pinus.
20. Ovuliferous scale:
dorsal surface.
An expanded scale in the female cone of pinus bearing two ovules at its
Phycology
:
Study of algae.
21. Pollinattion drop:
pollen grains.
A mucilaginous substance oozes out from the overy of pinus to trap the
22. Prothallus
:
of ferm plant.
A small green, heart shaped gametophytic flat structure in the life cycle
23. Protonema
moss plant.
A branched filmentous structure arising from the germination of spore in
:
24. Phycocyanin :
Blue pigment found in red algae.
25. phycoerythrin :
Red pigment found predominantly in red algae of deep waters.
26. pyrenoids
:
Starch containing structure.
27. Ramenta
:
Brown scales on the rhizome of ferm.
28. Rhizoids
:
Fine filment structure which anchor the gametophyte to the substratum.
29. Rhizome
:
An underground stem of ferm.
30. Sporangia
:
A sac like structure bearing spores.
31. Sulphur shower:
Appearance of yellow color in the atmosphere due to enormous release
of yellow colored pollen grains of pinus.
Tracheophytes :
Vascular plants.
QUESTIONS FOR MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMINATION
Choose the correct possible answers:
32. Red color of the algae is due to the presence of
(a) phycoerythrin
(b) Phycocyanin
© Carotene
(d) Fucoxanthin
33. Iodine is obtained from
(a) Bryophyta
(b) Bacteria
34. Kelp is obtained from
(a) Fungi
(b) Marine algae
© Aquatic algae
(d) Lichens
© Fungi
(d) Algae
35. Algae and other submerged green plants often float in water during daytime and sink at night
because
(a) They come up to enjoy suushine
(b) They loose weight at night because fish and other animals eat away their parts.
(c) They become buoyant due to accumulation of oxygen as a result of photosynthesis.
(d) They become light due to consumption of blood.
36. The body of Funaria is
(a) Simple rosette thallus
(b) Differentiated into root, axis and leaves
(c) Differentiated into rhizoids, short axis and leaves
(d) None of the above
37. Which is a true moss?
(a) Iris moss
(b) Club moss
© Render moss
(d) Bogg moss
38. Funaria is a bryphyta because
(a) Lacks root
(b) lacks xylem
© No production of seed
(d) As multicelled and jacked sex organs
39. Protonema is a stage in the life cycle of
(a) Ricca
(b) Funaria
© All bryophytes
(d) Pinus
40. In funaria
(a) male and female reproductive organs are on different plants.
(b) Male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant but on different branches.
(c) Male and female reproductive organs are on the same plant and on the same branch.
(d) None of these.
41. A moss differ from a fern in having
(a) Alternation of generation
(b) Swimming sperms
© A dependent sporophyte
(d) An independent gametophyte
42. The unique feature of bryphytes compared to other higher plant group is that
(a) They priduce spores
(b) They lack vascular tissue
(c) They lack root
(d) This sporophyte is attached to gametophyte.
43. Sterile, multicellular, uniseriate hair present in the receptacle of Funaria are
(a) Epiphyses
(b) Apophyses
© Hypophyses
44. In gymnosperms pollen drop is
(a) Red drop
(b) Pollen dropped by wind
(d) Paraphyses
© Secretion of nucellus
(d) Water drops
45. most of the gymnosperms have
(a) Only antheridia
(b) Both antheridia & archegonia
© Archegonia but no antheridia
(d) both absent.
46. Which of the following character can be used to distinguish gymnosperms from angiosperms
(a) Presence of naked ovules in gymnosperms
(b) Presence of pollen chamber in gymnosperms
(c) Presence of stomata in angiosperms
(d) None of these
47. Endosperm is gymnosperms is formed
(a) At the time of fertilization
(b) Before fertilization
© After fertilization
(d) along with development of embryo
48. Gymnosperms differ from angiosperms
(a) In having seeds
(b) In being smaller in system showing heterospory
(c) In having naked ovules
(d) None of these
49. Spore of Funaria represents
(a) Beginning of gametophyte generation
(b) Beginning of Sporophyte generation
(c) Gametes
(d) Sexual Propagules
50. Venter is the part of
(a) Sporogonium
(b) Sporangium
© Antheridium (d) Archegonium
51. Prothallus represent the
(a) gamephytic phase in s ferm
(b) Sporophytic phase in ferm
(c) Sporophytic phase in gymnosperms
(d) Sporophytic phase in angiosperms
52. Pteridophytes as a group differ from bryophytes and thallophytes
(a) Presents of vascular issue
(b) Motile sperms
© Alternation of generation
(d) Archegonium.
53. Heterospory is the production of
(a) Sexual and asexual spores
(b) Large and small spores
© Haploid and diploid spores (d) Diploid and tetraploid spores
54. Which of the following is least likely to occur along the sea coast
(a) Green algae
(b) Brown algae
© Red algae
(d) Mosses
55. In moss, spore on germination
(a) Directly forms a leafy gametophyte
(b) Forms a protonema
(c) Forms a protonema on which moss plant comes out like a bud
(d) Produces antheridia and archegonia
56. Plants having vascular issue but lacking seeds are
(a) Angiosperms
(b) Gymnosperms
© Pteridophytes
(d) Bryophytes
57. To which group to the plants belong that have embryo, vascular tissues, seeds but lack fruits
(a) Gymnosperms
(b) Angiosperms
© Pteridophytes
(d) Bryophytes
ANSWERS
1. a
14. c
2. d 3. b 4. c
15. a 16. d 17. c
5. c
18. a
6. d 7. b
19. d 20. a
8. b
21. a
9. b 10. c 11. d 12.d
22. b 23. d 24. c 25. c
13. c
26. a
4.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
1. All animals exhibit three types of body plans – cell aggregate, blind- sac and tube- within –atube plan. On the basis of symmetry, the animals may be bilateral, radial and asymmetrical.
2. Coelome is a body cavity formed by the splitting of mesodermal cells during embryonic
development. It is found between the body wall and alimentary canal and is lined by
mesodermal cells.
3. In sponges and Coelenterates, the body cavity is called as spongocoel and Coelenteron
respectively. In round worms, it is known as pseuducoelome as coelome is interfered by
endodermal cells of alimentary canal. In arthropods, hemocoel cavity is present filled with the
blood(hemolymph)
4. All the animals are divided into non- chordata and chordata. Non-chordates are also called as
invertebrates and they do not posses any backbone . they are divided into several distinct
phyala- porifera ,coelenterate, platyhelminthes , nematoda annelida , arthropoda , molluca
andechinodermata.
5. Chordates are those animals which posses notochord in their embryonic stage and later on a
series of vertebrae develop around this notochord. They are mainly divided into potochordates
and vertebrates .
6. Protochordates are the animals which do not bear a true backbone but have only the notochord
. They may be cephalochordates and vertebrates .
7. Vertebrates are those animals which notochord is replaced by vertebral column . They are
divided into seven classes – cyclostomata, chondrichythyes osteichthyses, amphibia, reptilla,
aves and mammalian.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
8. Acoelomate : Animals lacking body cavity lined by mesoderm
9. .Aerial
: Animals which can fly.
10. Asymmetry : Animals possessing no symmetry ; no plane division can be divide
animal
into two exact halves.
11. Aquatic
: Water dwelling organisms
12. Benthos
: Organisms found on the floor of the sea bed.
13. Bilataeral Symmetry: Body of the Animal is divided into two halves by only one vertical plane.
14. Book-lungs : The respiratory organs of the scorption and spiders.
15. Chitin
:The non- protein aceousmaterial forming the exoskeleton of the arthropods.
16. Choanocytes : Collar cells lining the spongocoel cavity in sponge.
17. Cloaca
: A common passage for termination of digestive, urinary and genital system.
18. Coelom
: A true internal cavity formed by the tissues of mesoderm.
19. Coelomate
: The animals having a coelom
20. Commensal : An organisms that lives in association with other without causing any harm to
the partner.
21. Contractile vacuole : Osmoregulatory organs in small aquatic animals.
22. Colonial
: Animals which live in colonies
23. Ctenoid scale : The hard and smooth edged scale forming the exoskeleton of fishes.
24. Cycloid scale : The hard and smooth edged scale forming the exoskeleton of fishes
25. Diploblastic : The animals body forming or two layers-ectoderm & endoderm.
26. Endoskeleton : The skeleton (bone and cartilage) present inside the body.
27. External reproduction: A reproduction where new individual develops outside the body in the
egg.
28. Flame cells : Excretory organ in lower invertebrates like tapeworm.
29. Free-living
: organisms which lead independent life.
30. Fresh water forms: The animals which live in rivers and ponds.
31. Gill
: Organ of breathing in aquatic medium.
32. Green glands : The pair of excretory organs in prawn (arthropods).
33. Haemoocoel : The body cavity (coelom) filled with blood.
34. Larva
: The immature stage in the metamorphosis of insects which is capable of
leading and independent life.
35. Malpighian tubule: The slender excretory tubules existing in some insects and other terrestrial
arthropods.
36. Mantle: The outgrowth of body wall which forms the valves of the shell of mollusks.
37. Marine: The organisms living in the sea.
38. Medusa: free swimming umbrella-shaped sexual stage of coelenterate.
39. Mesoderm: The middle layer in three primary germ layers in the embryo.
40. Mesoglea: a cementing substance between the epidermis and gastrodermis of a coelenterate.
41. Metamorphosis: The regular changes in the life of an individual which transform egg into
adult.
42. Metazoa: Group of multicellular animals where cells become specialized to form specific
organs of the body.
43. Microscopic: Organisms that are seen under microscope.
44. Multicellular: Organisms consisting of many cells and these cells are specialized to form
specific organs of the body.
45. Notochord: A cylindrical rod which exists in chordates on their dorsal side.
46. Nephridia: Excretory organ in earthworm.
47. Operculum: A small opening in sponges for existence of water.
48. Ostia: Dermal pores through which water enter the spongocoel.
49. Parasite: A living organism which depends upon other living organisms for food and shelter.
50. Pelagic: Organisms which grow or live near the surface of the sea away from land.
51. Pharynx: A tube which join mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus.
52. Placenta: Organic connecting membrane which attaches the foetus to the uerus of the mother
body.
53. Placoid scales: Minute, plates, dermal exoskeletal structures.
54. Polyp: A zooid of a coelenterate colony and nutritive in function.
55. Pseudocoelomate: A body cavity which is not lined by cells of mesodermal origin.
56. Radial symmetry: A cylindrical or a circular animal body which can be divided into equal
halves in any longitudinal plane.
57. Radula: Ribbon shaped organ useful fro rasping the food.
58. Saprophyte: Organisms which obtain their nutrition from dead organic matter.
59. Setae: Minute, stiff bristle like structures which help in locomotion.
60. Sexual dimorphism: Male can be distinguished from female externally.
61. Spicules: Minute calcareous or siliceous bodies forming the skeleton element of some sponge.
62. Solitary: An animal living all alone.
63. Tentacles: Hollow elongated finger like projections present around the mouth of hydra.
64. Trachea: Wind-pipe
65. Triploblastic: Animal whose body wall is formed of three primary germ layers.
66. Tympanum: Ear drum which separate the external and middle ear.
67. Viviparous: The animals which give birth to young ones.
68. Viscera: The internal organs found in the body cavity specially abdomen.
QUESTIONS
1. The central cavity of the sponge is
a. Spongocoel
b. Gastrocoel
2. The collar celsl of a sponge are
a. Choanocytes b. Chromocytes
c. Blastocoel
c. Archaeocytes
d. Hydrocoel
d. Cysentcytes
3. Sponges are characterized by
a. Canal system
b. One exit and innumerable mounthlets
c. Choanocytes
d. All the above
4. Endoskeleton of sponges is made up of
a. Cartilage
b. Bone
c. Calcareous spicules
d. Calcareous or siliceous spicules
5. Digestion in sponges occurs in
a. Spongocoel
b. Osculum c. Food vacuoles
d. Ostium
6. Radial symmetry in animals is association with
a. Sessile body
b. Locomotory habit
c. Aquatic vacuoles
d. Lotic habitat
7. Diploblastic animals that have cell-aggregate body plan belong to
a. Cnidaria
b. Porifera
c. Platyhelminthes
d. Annelida
8. Nematocysts of hydra are useful in
a. Testing of food
b. Testing of water
c. Paralyzing the prey
d. All the above
9. The important characters of cnidaria is
a. Oresence of cnidoblasts
b. Presence of mesenteries
c. Presence of lasso cells
d. All the above
10. True jelly fishes belong to the class
a. Both Anthozoa & Scyphozoa
b. Anthozoa c. Scyphozoa
d. Hydrozoa
11. Portuguese-man-of-war is a common name for
a. A polymorphic colonial cnidarian
b. A soldier of first world war
c. A solitary cnidarian
d. A soldier of Portuguese war
12. Cysticircus causes the infection of
a. Taenia
b. Wuchereria
c. Ascaris
d. Fasciola
13. Excretion in tapeworm is done by
a. Coxal gland b. Flame cells
c. Crural glands
d. Nephridia
14. Flatworms are described as
a. Acoelomate b. Pseudocoelomate
c. Eucoelomate
d. Haemocoelomate
15. What is measly pork?
a. The flesh of dead pig
b. Ill cooked flesh of pig
c. Ill cooked flesh of inflected pig d. The flesh of living pig
16. Schistosoma is known as
a. Blood fluke
b. Chinese liver fluke
c. Dog tapeworm
17. Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by
a. Send fly
b. Tsets fly
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Lung fluke
d. Culex mosquito
18. Which parasite does not have an intermediate host/
a. Liver fluke
b. Tape worm
c. Filarial worm
d. Round worm
19. Elephantiasis is due to the bite of
a. Anopheles
b. Culex
d. None
c. Aedes
20. The round worm can be called specialized and not degenerate because
a. It is dioecious (=unisexual)
b. It has a straight, uncoiled alimentary canal
c. The cuticle over its body wall is resistance to host’s digestive juices
d. It has no respiratory organs
21. In its host’s body Ascaris undergoes growth by
a. Mitosis and Meiosis
b. Moulting and mitosis
c. Moulting and meiosis
d. Only mitosis
22. Typical nephridium belongs to
a. Closed enteronephric
b. Tufted open type
c. Closed exonephric type
d. Open exonephric type
23. The anticoagulant secreted by leech
a. Saliva
b. Heparin
c. Haemolysin
d. Hirudin
24. Which is correct about earthworm?
a. It has brain but no head
b. It has no locomotory organs
c. It secretes cocoon around unfertilized egg
d. It can crawl on smooth surface easily
25. If a copulated earthworm wriggles out of its cocoon by its posterior end, instead of anterior
end, then
a. Eggs will not be received in the cocoon
b. Fertilization will not take place
c. Albumin will be not provided to zygotes
d. The two ends of the cocoon will remain open
26. Metamorphosis in insects is regulated by
a. Hemolymph
b. Thyroxine
c. Ecdysone
d. All the above
27. Cockroach is
a. Herbivorous b. Carnivorous
28. Silver fish is
a. Pila
c. Omnivorous
b. Rohu
d. Sanguivorous
c. Dogfish
d. Lepisma
29. The class-arachnida is characterized by
a. Presence of nymphal stage
b. Absence of metamorphosis
c. Viviparous habit
d. Presence of metamorphosis
30. The primary method of communication in honeybee is
a. Smell
b. Sound
c. Dancing
d. Locomotion
31. Cephalopoda is a class of animals in which
a. Notochord extends upto cephalic region
b. Foot is located on head
c. Head is located on foot
d. Head is fused with thorax
32. Which of the following animals is ‘elephant tusk shell’?
a. Cypraea
b. Dentalium
c. Limex
d. nautilus
33. A wood boring molluscs is
a. Patella
b. Teredo
c. Limex
d. Chiton
34. Pila is
a. Land snail
c. Grass snail
d. Apple snail
b. Garden snail
35. Which of the following groups of animals are found in marine water only
a. Porifera
b. mollusca
c. protozoa
d. Echinodermata
36. The aperture on the aboral side of a starfish is
a. Umbilicus
b. Madreporite
c. Genital pore
37. The connecting link between invertebrates and chordates
a. Balanoglossus
b. Amphioxus
c. Oikopleura
d. Mouth
d. Salpa
38. Molluscs group in which eye resembles the vertebrate eye is
a. Bivalvia
b. Gastropoda
c. Scaphopoda
d. Cephalopoda
39. Which one of the following possesses a notochord but lacks a vertebral column?
a. Cartilaginous fish
b. Amphioxus
c. Silver fish
d. Cuttle fish
40. Chordates are characterized in having
a. notochord
b. RBC
c. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
d. All the above
41. The organ of fishes useful for detecting pressure changes
a. Internal ear
b. Ctenoid scales
c. Lateral line sense organs
d. Air bladder
42. Ampulae Lorenzini are concerned with
a. Excretion
b. Thermoreception
c. Olfaction
43. The migration of ‘fishes’ from the sea into the river is called
a. Anadromous b. Catadromous
c. Spawring migration
d. Osmoregulation
d. Feeding migration
44. Which is a true fish?
a. Dog fish
b. Silver fish
c. Cuttle fish
d. Jelly fish
45. In sharks, the scales are
a. Placoid
b. Cycloid
c. Ctenoid
d. Rhomboid
46. Tadpole in last stage of metamorphosis respires with the help of
a. External gills b. Buccal cavity
c. Gills and lungs
d. Lungs
47. Tadpole of frog is
a. Omnivorous b. Carnivorous
c. Sanguineous
d. Herbivorous
48. The science dealing with the study of reptiles is
a. Ichthyology b. Herpetology
c. Ornithology
d. Entomology
49. A reptile that has two chambered ventricle
a. Snake
b. Crocodile
c. lizard
d. Tortoise
50. Tortoise are
a. Viviparous
c. Bisexual
d. Parthenologenetic
b. Oviparous
51. Which of the following is a warm blooded animal?
a. Cobra
b. Fish
c. Frog
d. Pigeon
52. Pneumatic bones are seen in
a. Bat
b. Whale
c. Bird
d. Exocoetus
53. Eutherians are characterized by
a. Skin with glands
b. Hairy skin
c. True placentation
d. locomotory hind limbs
54. Macropus is
a. Prototherian b. Marsupian
c. Eutherian
55. which one of the following is not a fish?
a. Lung fish
b. Whale
c. Saw fish
d. Amphibian
d. Dog fish
56. Whale is a mammal because it bears
a. A four chambered heart
b. A pair of testis
c. A pair of lungs
d. A diaphragm between thorax and abdomen
57. Desert rat in extreme dry conditions
a. Store water
b. Loose water
c. Use metabolic water
d. Conserve water through kidneys
58. The important diagnostic character of mammals alone
a. Homoiethermy
b. Diaphragm
c. Vivipary
d. Dicondyly
59. An example of egg laying mammal
a. Ostrich
b. Kangaroo
c. Platypus
d. Elephant
60. Mammary glands are modified from
a. Sebaceous glands
b. Sweet glands
c. Salivary glands
d. Mucous glands
ANSWERS
1. a
2. a
3. d
4. d
14. a
15. c
16. a
17. d 18. d 19. b 20. c
27. c
28. d 29. b 30. a
40. d 41. c
53. c
42. b 43. a
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. a
11. a
12. a
13. b
23. d 24. a
25. b 26. c
31. a
32. b 33. b 34. d 35. d 36. b 37. a
38. d 39. b
44. a
45. a
54. b 55. b 56. d 57. c
46. c
58. d 59. c
21. b 22. c
10. c
47. d 48. d 49. b 50. b 51. d 52. c
60. a
Chapter – 5
Morphology of Flowering Plants
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. The body of a flowering plant consists of (i) an underground root system and (ii) an above
ground shoot system. The root is the non-green descending portion of the plant that grows
towards the gravity. It may be taproot or adventitious root.
2. Certain roots assume the specific form derived from the normal type in order to meet special
circumstances. Under this condition, the root is said to be modified.
3. The presence of node and internodes, axillary buds and scaly leaves are the characteristics of
stem. The stem gets modified to perform specific functions.
These include –
(i) aerial modification
(ii) sub-aerial modification and
(iii) underground stem modifications
4. The aerial stem modifications are stem tendril, thorn, phylloclade, cladode, twiner and bulbil
etc. The sub aerial modifications are runner, stolen, sucker, and offset whereas underground
modifications are rhizome, tuber, corm and bulb.
5. The leaf is the flattened, lateral outgrowth of the stem or branch arising form the node and has
an axillary bud in its axis. It consists of leaf base, petiole and the lamina. The arrangement of
leaves on the stem is called phyllotaxy. When leaf is incised upto mid rib, then the leaf is
called compound leaf. The various leaf modifications are leaf tendrils, leaf spines, phyllode,
scale leaves, pitcher bladder, absorbing and storage leaves.
6. The flower is considered as a modified shoot in which sepals, petals, stamens and carpels are
successive lateral organs. The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is known as
inflorescence. It may be classified as racemose, cymose and of some special types.
7. Fruit is a mature or ripened ovary that is formed by the act of pollination and fertilization.
Fruits are called parthenocarpic fruits. A true fruit may be simple, aggregate or multiple.
8. Seed is a fertilized mature ovule that possessed an embryonic plant. It may be endospermic or
non-endospermic depending upon the presence or absence of endosperm.
DEFINTIONS AND TERMS
9. Aggregate fruit: Each free carpel of a flower develops independently to form a bunch of fruits.
10. Annual: Plants which complete their life cycle in one season.
11. Assimilatory roots: Greenish roots that perform process of photosynthesis.
12. Biennials: Plants that complete their life cycle in two seasons.
13. Bulb: An underground discoid stem with compressed internodes, having roots on the lower
side and fleshy leaf bases on the upper side.
14. Bulbil: A special modified axillary bud having stored food meant for vegetative propagation.
15. Cladode: A type of phylloclade consisting
16. Composite fruit: The fruit that develops from an inflorescence by the fusion of flower and their
parts.
17. Compound leaf: A lamina is broken up into distinct leaflets.
18. Epigynous: The ovary is situated below and all the other floral parts arise on the top of the
ovary.
19. Fibrous root: The cluster of roots arising due to repeated branching of radicle.
20. Haustoria: The small toots which penetrate the host tissue to obtain nutrition. They are found in
Cuscuta
21. Heterophylly: The presence of more than one type of leaves on a plant.
22. Herbs: The small plants with a soft stem.
23. Hypogynous: A condition when the ovary is situated above all the other floral parts of the
flower.
24. Inflorescence: Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis.
25. Lamina: The expanded and prominent portion of the leaf.
26. Monocarpic: Plats, which bring flowers and fruits once in their lifetime.
27. Node: A place on the stem form where leaf or branch arise.
28. Palmately compound leaf: The lamina is incised and all the leaflets are attached to a common
point.
29. Parthenocarpy: A seedless fruit which is formed without pollination and fertilization.
30. Pedicel: Stalk of the flower
31. Perennial: Plants which live for many years and produce flowers and fruits on particular time
of season.
32. Petiole: A long stalk of the leaf.
33. Pharmacognosy: Science connected with sources, characteristics and possible medicinal
substances and uses.
34. Phylloclades: Flattened green stem, which performs the process of photosynthesis.
35. Phyllode: Petiole gets flattened and assumes the shape of green leaf.
36. Phyllotaxy: The way in which leaves are arranged on the stem.
37. Placentation: Arrangement of ovules in the ovary.
38. Primary root: Develops from the radicle and remain prominent throughout the life of the plant.
39. Runner: Weak and slender stem creeping on the ground and develops adventitious roots and
leaves at every node.
40. Stipules: The lateral appendages at the leaf base.
41. Stolen: An aerial shoot which develops roots and shoots when it comes in contact with the
ground.
42. Sucker: An oblique underground part of stem which grows horizontally under the soil and then
forms a leafy plant.
43. Synandrous: The anthers and filaments are fused from the base to the top.
44. Syngenesious: Anthers are fused by their sides but filaments are free.
45. Thorn: A hard, woody endogenous defence organ of plant.
46. Twinner: A thin flexible long stem which coils around the support to expose its leaves to
sunlight.
47. Venation: Arrangement of veins and veinlets in the lamina of a leaf.
48. Zygomorphic: A flower which can be cut into two identical halves only alongwith one verticle
plane.
QUESTIONS
1. Phylloclade is a modification of
a. Root
b. Stem
2. Prickles in rose are
a. Modified leaves
origin
c. Leaf
b. Accessory buds
d. None of these
c. Exogenous in origin
d. Endogenous in
3. A unipinnate compound leaf looks very much like an ordinary branch with simple leaves. It
can be differentiated from the branch in the following way.
a. The leaflets of the compound leaf has no veins.
b. The branch has axillary buds in the axil of the leaves.
c. The compound leaf has a terminal bud
d. None of these
4. The abscission layer is covered by a leaf scar which is composed of
a. Pectin
b. Cutin
c. Resin
5. Bulb of garlic and onion have
a. Greatly developed root system
b. No leaves
d. Pectose and cellulose
c. No stem
d. Greatly reduced stem
6. Thorn is a modified branch because
a. It is a part of the plant
b. It arises in the axil of leaf
c. It is a defensive organ
d. It is hared, straight and pointed structure
7. When the petiole is modified into a leafy green structure, this structure is known as
a. Cladode
b. Phyllode
c. Phylloclade
d. True leaf
8. Phyllotaxy in Calotropis is
a. Alternated
b. Opposite decussate c. Opposite superposed
d. Whorled
9. New corms grow one over the other and yet they never come out of the ground, because of
a. Contractile roots b. Heavy weight
c. Stilt roots
d. Assimilatory roots
10. A root cap is not found in
a. Hydrophytes
b. Xerophytes
c. Mesophytes
d. Lithophytes
11. If a sign was nailed to the side of a tree five feet above the ground in 1988, how high would be
the sign in 1999, if the tree grows taller each year ?
a. 5 feet high
b. 9 feet 8 inches high
c. 13 feet high
d. 14 feet 8 inches high
ANSWERS
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. b
7. b
8. b
9. b
10. a
11. a
Chapter – 6
Anatomy of flowering plants
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. The assemblage of one or more types of similar specialized cells with extra cellular material
constitutes a tissue. The meristematic tissues are perperctually juvenile group of cells having
indefinite power of division. The permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue and
are composed of cells, which have lost the power of dividing.
2. The parenchyma is thin walled with intercellular spaces. Collenchyma is formed of living,
closely packed isodiametric cells. Its cells are thickened at the corners due to deposition of
cellulose and pectin. The sclerenchyma is formed of dead cells with thick and lignified walls.
They have two types of cells-fibres and sclereids.
3. Phloem consists of sieve elements (sieve cells, sieve tube), companion cells, phloem
parenchyma and phloem fibres. Conducting tissue-xylem is recognized as tracheid sand vessels
members. Tracheids are predominantly found in lower vascular plants whereas vessels in
angiosperms.
4. The anatomy of dicot and monocot root reveals that their vascular bundles are radial (xylem
and phloem lie on different radii alternating with eachother) with exarch condition. In dicot
root, the xylem and phloem bundles vary from diarch to hexarch whereas the monocot roots,
they are polyarch.
5. the secondary growth in dicot root occurs with the activity of secondary meristems (vascular
cambium). This cambium is produced in the stele and cortex and results in increasing the girth
of dicot roots.
6. The vascular bundles of dicot stem are conjoint, collateral and open, which are of same size
and arranged in concentric ring. They undergo secondary growth with the help of fascicular
and inter fascicular cambium. The cork cambium ( phellogen ) appears in the cortex region
and produces cork (phellem) towards the outside and secondary cortex (phelloderm) towards
the inside.
7. The vascular bundles of monocot roots are conjoint, collateral and closed. They exist in
different forms and are found scattered in the ground tissue. Bundle sheath made up of
sclerenchyma cells is present around the vascular bundles.
8. The activity of cambium is largely influenced by the climatic conditions. In temperate region,
the cambium activity is not uniform throughout the year wheras in coastel areas, it is constant
throughout the year.
9. The anatomy of xerophytic leaf shows multilayered epidermis with thick cuticle. The stomata
remain sunken in the depression of lower epidermis, which reduces the rate of transipiration. In
monocot leaf, the upper epidermis contains special bulliform cells and the stomata are found on
both the epidermis.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS & TERMS
Aerenchyma
: A network of parenchyma cells containing air cavities; in aquatic oplants.
10. Anomalous secondary growth: Deviating type of secondary growth.
11. Calyptrogen : Meristematic tissue that producers the root cap.
12. Casperian strip: A band made up of ligin and suberin on the anaticlinal walls of endodermis to
prevent plasmolysis.
13. Chlorenchyma : Parenchaya cells containing chloroplasts.
14. Closed bundle : A Vascular bundle lacking a strip of cambium between xylwem and phloem.
15. collateral bundle : The conjoint bundles where xylem and phloem lie together on the same radii
with phloem on outer side and xylem on inner side.
16. Diffuse porous : A wood which contain vessels of the same size in late and early wood.
17. Endarch condition: A protpxylem facing towards the centre.
18. Endarch condition: A protoxylem facing towards the periphery.
19. Extractives: These are the collection of organic substance like oil, gum, resins, tannins etc.
20. Hard wood: A porous wood having vessels.
21. Lenticels: These are the openings in the form of scars on the cork for exchange of gasses.
22. lysigenous cavity: A water-containing cavity formed by the break down of inner protoxylem
and parenchyma in monocot stem.
23. Meristem: Perpetully young group of cell, with low capacity for cell division.
24. Open bundle: A bundle containing cambium which produces phellem (Cork) towards the
outside and phelloderm(secondary cortex) towards the inside.
25. Quiescent centre: A zone of slowly dividing cells in the middle of highly meristematic region
of root apex.
26. Radial bundle: xylem and phloem occur in separate bundle and usually alternate with each
other.
27. Ring porous: A wood having large and small vessels in distinct parts in an annual ring.
28. Soft wood: A non-prorous wood lacking vessels.
29. Tracheids: Trachery elements of xylem without any perforations in their end walls and found
predominantly in lower vascular plants.
30. Tunica: Outermost layer of the shoot apex and its cells divide anticlinally.
31. Tyloses: Vessels having bladder like ingrowth of parenchyma through the pores in the lateral
walls.
32. Vessels: Vertical broad channels of xylem having perforations in their end walls and occur in
angiosperms.
QUESTIONS
1. Tyloses are
a. Trachel plugs
c. Secretory cell
b. laticiferous tubes
d. Compound sieve plates.
2. Histogen present at the root apical meristem is
a. Root cap regneretes from pleurme
b. Periblem
c. Dermatogen
d. Calyptrogen
3. Xylem takes part in
a. Translocation of food
b. Translocation of water and minerals
c. Providing mechanical strength
d. both b and c
4. The conductive tissue of roots usually form a solid mass in the centre instead of being
dispersed in bundles around the periphery of the pith and this contributes to
a. Flexibility without loss of tensile strength
b. In flexibility
c. Positive gravitropism
d. Negative gracitropism
5. The abscission layer is covered by a leaf scar which is composed of
a. Pectin
b. Cutin
c. Resin
d. Pectose and cellulose
6. When secondary growth in thickness is initiated in a dicot root, which of the following happens
first?
a. Anticlinal division occurs so that cambium becomes circular
b. Parenchyma between xylem and phloem becomes meristematic
c. Cambium initial between xylem and phloem divides
d. Pericycle stands outside primary xylem divide.
7. Trees grown on uniform environmental conditions, say as those occurring near the equator,
throughout the year
a. will not show secondary growth
b. will not reveal annual rings with distinct spring and autumn wood
c. will have only phloem formed by the activity of the cambium
d. none of the above
8. The young layer of secondary xylem lies between
a. just inside the vascular cambium
b. Pith and primary xylem
c. Just outside the vascular cambium
d. Just inside the cork cambium
9. Bark is that part of the stem form the
a. Phloem tot eh outside
b. Vascular cambium to the outside
c. Cork cambium to the outside
d. Cortex to the outside
10. The tip of the root apical meristem capped by histogen, is known as
a. Dermatogen b. Calyptrogen
c. Periblem
d. Plerome
11. Dermatogen is the tissue formed by apical meristem and it develops into
a. cortex
b. Xylem
c. Epidermis
d. Pith
12. If there is more than one tunica layer in a stem apex, which among the following is most likely
to happen
a. All the layers will develop into cortical cells
b. All the layers will develop into epidermal cells
c. The outer layer will develop into epidermal cells
d. The lower most layer will develop into cortical cells
13. As a tree grows older, which increases rapidly in thickness
a. Its heart wood
b. Its sap wood
c. Its cortex
d. Phloem
14. Lenticels in a plant are
a. Bud in the axil
b. A resinous product
c. A group of loose cells formed in the bark for aeration
d. A kind of sclerenchymatous cells
15. Growth rings are well marked in trees growing in
a. Simla
b. Bombay
c. Madras
d. Culcutta
16. Annual rings are distinct in plants growing in
a. Tropics
b. Arctic zones
c. Grass land
17. Cork cambium is
a. Secondary meristem
b. Apical meristem
d. Temperate
c. Intercalary meristem
d. Primary meristem
18. Conjoint, collateral, endarch and open vascular bundles are found in
a. Dicot stem
b. Monocot stem
c. Dicot root
d. Monocot root
19. Vascular bundles are derived from
a. Dermatogen
b. Periderm
c. Endogenous tissue or procambial strand or pleurome
Cortex
20. Lignin is a component of secondary cell walls of
a. Epidermis
b. Collenchyma
c. Parenchyma
d. Sclerenchyma
21. Anomalous secondary growth of the adaptive type is seen in
a. Dracaena
b. Mirabitis
c. Boerhavia
d. Bignoni
22. The part of the cambium, in the cambium ring formed during secondary growth in stems
between the vascular bundles is known as
a. Inter-vascular cambium
b. Inter-fascicular cambium
c. Inter-xylary cambium
d. Medullary cambium
23. Vascular bundles of dicot roots are
a. Radial exarch
b. Radial endarch
c. Conjoint exarch
d. Conjoint endarch
24. Monocot root differs from dicot root in having
a. Open vascular bindles
b. Scattered vascular bundles
c. Well developed pith
d. Radially arranged vascular bundle
25. Pectin substances are generally stained with
a. Iodine
b. Methylene blue
c. Cotton blue
d. Carmine stain
26. Function of cork cambium is to produce
a. Secondary xylem and phloem
b. Cork and secondary cortex
c. Secondary cortex and phloem
d. Cork
27. If you cut the old trunk of a tree transversely, you will observe that the outer region of
secondary wood is lighter in colour. This region of wood is known as
a. Spring wood b. Autumn wood
c. Heart wood
d. Sap wood
28. Angiosperms have
a. Tracheids only
b. Vessels absent
c. Vessels present
d. Sieve tube absent
29. After two years of secondary growth, the cortex in the dicot root
a. Remains intact
b. Is completely sloughed away
c. Is largely lost
d. Is converted into cork
30. Phylloclade is a modification of
a. Root b. Stem
c. Leaf
d. None of these
31. Prickles in rose is
a. modified leaves
b. Accessory buds
c. Exogenous in origin
d. Endogenous in origin
32. A unipinnate compound leaf looks very much like and ordinary branch with simple leaves. It
can be differentiated from the branch in the following way.
a. The leaflets of the compound leaf has no veins
b. The branch has axillary buds in the axil of the leaves
c. The compound leaf has a terminal bud
d. None of the above
33. The abcission layer is covered by a leaf scar which is composed of
a. Pectin
b. Cutin
c. Resin
d. Pectose and cellulose
34. Bulb of garlic and onion have
a. Greatly developed root system
b. No leaves
c. No stem
d. Greatly reduced stems
35. Thorn is a modified branch because
a. It is a part of the plant
b. It arises in the axil of leaf
c. It is a defensive organ
d. It is a hard, straight and pointed structure
36. When the petiole is modified into a leafy green structure, this structure is known as
a. Cladode
b. Phyllode
c. Phylloclade
d. True leaf
37. Phyllotaxy in Calotropis is
a. Alternate
b. Opposite decussate
c. Opposite superposed
38. Growth rings are well marked in trees growing in
a. Simla
b. Bombay
c. Madras
39. Annual rings are distinct in plants growing in
a. Tropics
b. Arctic zones
c. Grass lands
d. Whorled
d. Culcutta
d. Temperate
40. New corms grow one over the other and yet they never come out of the ground, because of
a. Contractile roots
b. Heavy weight
c. Stilt roots
d. Assimilatory roots
41. A root cap is not found in
a. Hydrophytes b. Xerophytes
c. Mesophytes
d. Lithophytes
42. If a sign was nailed to the side of a tree five feet above the ground in 1988, how high would be
the sign in 1999, if the tree grows taller each year?
a. 5 feet high
b. 9 feet 8 inches high
c. 13 feet high
d. 14 feet 8 inches
high
ANSWERS
1. a
2. d
14. c
15. a 16. d 17. a
27. d 28. c
3. d
4. a
5. c
6. b
7. b
18. a
19. c
20. d 21. c
29. b 30. b 31. c
40. b 41. a 42. a
32. b 33. c
8. a
9. c
10. b 11. c
22. b 23. a
24. c
12. c
13. a
25. b 26. b
34. d 35. b 36. b 37. b 38. a
39. d
CHAPTER – 7
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. A tissue is the assemblage of one or more types of similar specialized cells with intercellular
materials and they perform the same general function independently or unitedly.
2. On the basis of functions, animal tissues are grouped into four types: Epithelial tissue;
muscular tissue; connective tissue and nervous tissue.
3. Epithelial tissue is classified into : simple epithelium (consists of a single layer of cells) and
compound epithelium (consist of many layers of cells).
4. Glands are the organ or structure that secrete useful substances. The glands may be unicellular
(one celled) or multicellular (more than one celled thick). The multicellular glands are
classified into endocrine (ductless), exocrine (ducted) and heterocrine (both exocrine and
endocrine).
5. Muscular tissues are summarized into three types – striated, non striated and cardiac. The
striated muscle fibres are cylindrical, unbranched, multinucleated, voluntary andhave light and
dark bands. The non-striated muscle fibres are spindle shaped, uninucleated, involuntary and
have poor uninucleated, involuntary and have faint cross striations. They have rich supply of
blood and capable of rhythmic and autonomic contraction.
6. Connective tissue is mesodermal in origin and composed of matrix, fibres and cells. It is
divided into three types depending upon the nature of matrix connective tissue proper (soft
matrix), Skeletal tissue (tough, dense and mineralized matrix) and Vascular tissue (fibreless
and fluid matrix). Aerolar, adipose, tendon, white and yellow elastic constitute the connective
tissue proper.
7. Skeletal tissue consists of bone and cartilage. Vascular tissue is of two types – blood and
lymph. Blood is made up of plasma, blood cells and platelets.
8. Nervous tissue consists of neurons, nerve fibres, neurological cells, ependymal cells and
neuron-secretory cells. Nerve fibres are of two types: medullated (myelinated) and nonmedullated(non-myelinated).
9. Neuroglia are the non-neural supporting cells serving the function of packing and supporting
between the nerve cells of brain, spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.
10. The term morphology refers to the study of external structure. Earthworm is an annelid that
has segmented body and looks like a snake. It has about 100 to 120 segments with metameric
segmentation.
11. The mouth is situated in the first segment. A single median female genital pore opens on the
ventral side of the 14th segment. A pair of male genital pore is present on the ventral side of the
18th segment. A prominent band encircles 14th, 15th and 16th segments. This is known as
clitellum.
12. Cockroach has the characteristic jointed legs and is nocturnal in its habit. The body is
segmented externally and divisible into a number of segments under head, throarx and
abdomen.
13. The head is somewhat pear shaped which articulates with the thorax by flexible neck. It bears
compound eyes, antennae, mouth parts. Thorax is three segmented bearing jointed appendages.
There are ten segments in abdomen.
14. Alimentary canal is well developed and is divisible into foregut, midgut and hind gut.
Malpighian tubules are present at the junction of fore and mid gut and help in excretion.
Respiration occurs by trachea. The blood vascular system is of open type. Fertilization is
internal.
15. Frog is an amphibian that lives in water or on land near water. Its skin is soft, smooth and
moist. The male frog bears copulatory pads and well-developed vocal sac on the ventral
surface of body cavity.
16. Body is divisible into head and trunk. It can respire through skin in water and through lungs on
land. Circulatory system is closed with single circulation. The male reproductive organ is a pair
of testes. The female reproductive organ is a pair of ovaries.
DEFINITIONS & TERMS
17. Actin: A protein found in the I band of muscle.
18. Adipocyte: Oval or spherical fat cell.
19. Aestivation: Summer sleep of an animal.
20. Basement membrane: A non-cellular layer composed of polysaccharide on which epithelial
tissues lie.
21. Chondriocytes: Cartilaginous cells
22. Clitellum: A prominent circular band of glandular tissue surrounding the segments from 14 to
16 in earthworm.
23. Collagen: A protein constituting the white (collagen) fibres.
24. Compound epithelium: An epithelium consisting of more than one layer of cells
25. Compound gland: An exocrine gland with a branched system of duct.
26. Copulatory pads: Pads present in the male frog to hold up female firmly during mating.
27. Endocrine gland: A ductless gland that secretes hormone.
28. Exocrine gland: A ducted gland that secretes enzymes.
29. Fibroblast: Irregular flat cells that secretes white and yellow fibres.
30. Hibernation: Winter sleep of an animal.
31. Keratin: A highly insoluble fibrous protein that constitutes the keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.
32. Ligament: A dense fibrous connective tissue that connects bones at the joint.
33. Megakaryocytes: Giant cells of red bone marrow that secrete thrombocytes.
34. Nephrons: Functional unit of kidney
35. Nephridia: Excretory organ
36. Neuroglia: Non-nervous supporting cells for binding neurons together
37. Neurolemma: A continuous sheath of a single layer of flat expanded Schwann cells that covers
the nerve fibre.
38. Nymph: Young ones of insect resembling to the adults but lacks wings and reproductive
organs.
39. Ommatidium: Hexagonal facet of compound eye of cockroach.
40. Osteoblasts: Bone producing cells
41. Osteocytes: Bone cells
42. Oviparous: Egg laying animals where fertilization and development occurs outside the body of
the female.
43. Peristomium: First segment at the anterior end of the earthworm body
44. Poikilothermics: The body temperature changes with environment
45. Polycythemia: An abnormal rise in RBCs count
46. Sarcomere: A part of myofibril situated between two consecutive Z-bands; a functional
contractile unit of muscle.
47. Serum: A straw coloured fluid left after clotting of blood; plasma lacking fibrinogen
48. Setae: S shaped locomotory organ in earthworm
49. Simple epithelium: An epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells.
50. Simple gland: An exocrine gland with a single unbranched duct.
51. Synaosis: A junction between two neurons
52. Tendon: A strong fibrous connective tissue that binds a skeletal muscle to a bone.
53. Transitional epithelium: A highly thin and stretchable epithelium lining the urinary bladder and
ureter.
54. Urecotellic: Excretion in the form of uric acid.
55. Vermicomposting: Process of increasing the fertility of soil by earthworm.
56. Viviparous: Animals that give birth to young-ones.
57. Web: Fold of skin present in between the toes.
58. Worm casting: Faecal deposits of earthworm.
QUESTIONS
1. Frogs are cold blooded because they
a. Cannot adjust their body temperature according to environment temperature.
b. Live both in water and on land
c. Can adjust their body temperature according to environment temperature.
d. None of the above.
2. male frog can be distinguished from the female by
a. Vocal sacs and copulatory pads
b. Colouration of the skin
c. Pentadactyle limbs
d. None of the above
3. A neck is absent in
a. fishes
b. birds
c. frog
d. bats
4. If the frog is transferred from 300C to 150C, then its body temperature will change into
a. 300C
b. 200C
c. 150C
d. 400C
5. Blood vascular system of earthworm is of
a. Open type
b. Closed type
c. Portal type
d. None of these
6. Function of spermathecae in earthworm is to
a. Receive sperms in copulation for storage
b. Receive sperm atogonia for maturation
c. Receive fertilized ova for embryonic development
d. Secrete substances that form the cocoons
7. In earthworm following help in locomotion
a. Chloragogen cells
b. Spermathecae
c. Clitellum
d. Setae
8. Typhlosole serves for
a. nutrition
b. Excretion
c. Increases absorptive surface
d. Absorption
9. Haemoglobin is found dissolved in blood plasma of
a. Cockroach
b. Earthworm
c. Rabbit
d. Frog
10. Clitellum of Pheretima is primarily concerned with
a. Copulation
b. Excretion
c. Sexual dimorphism
d. Production of cocoons
11. The female genital pore of earthworm is located on the segment
a. 14th
b. 16th
c. 18th
d. 15th
12. An organ in earthworm analogus to kidney is
a. Ovary
b. Testis
c. Nephridium
d. Clitellum
13. The body cavity of cockroaches
a. Coelom
b. Schizocoel
c. Pseudocoelom
d. Haemocoel
14. Which segment bears anal style in male cockroach
a. 7th segment
b. 8th segment
c. 9th segment
d. 10th segment
15. In cockoroach, the vision during the day is
a. Monocular
b. Binocular
c. mosaic
d. Superposition
16. Identify externally male cockroach by presenceof
a. Anal style
b. Anal cerci
c. Wings
17. In cockroach the testers are present in the region of
a. 3,4,5 abdominal segments
b. 4,5,6 abdominal segments
d. None
c. 5,6,7 abdominal segment
c. 6,7,8 abdominal segments
18. In which from the nitrogenous wastes in cockroach are excreted
a. Ammonia
b. Nitrogen
c. urea
d. Uric acid
19. Winter sleep is known as
a. Hibernation
b. Aestivation
c. Nocturnal
d. None
20. Ureter of male frog carries
a. Urine
b. Ova
c. Sperms
d. Urine and sperms
21. Coelom of cockroach is known as
a. Haemoglobin
b. Schizocoel
c. Spongocoel
d. Pseudocoel
22. Blood pigment of earthworm is called as
a. Haemoglobin
b. Haemoerythrin
c. Haemocynin
d. Chloroculorin
23. A transitional epithelium is found in
a. Kidney
b. uretar
c. Trachea
d. Blood Vessel
24. The germinal epithelium is found in the ovary of mammal is
a. Squamous epithelium
b. Cubodial epithelium
c. Columnar epithelium
d. Pseudo-stratified epithelium
25. The muscles immune to fatigue are
a. Striped
b. Unstriped
c. Cardiac
d. none of these
26. The fibrous tissue which connects the bone is
a. Connective tissue b. Tendon
c. Ligament
d. Adipose tissue
27. The efferent process of neuron is known as
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Cyton
d. Neurofibrillae
28. Nissl’s granules are found in cyton of nerve cells. These have affinity for basic dyes. The
granules are made up of
a. Proteins
b. DNA
c. Amino acids
d. RNA
29. Nerve fibres differ from muscle fibres in having
a. Myofibrils
b. Striations
c. Sarcolemma
d. Dendrites
30. Schwann cells and Nodes of Ranvier are found in
a. neurons
b. Osteoblasts
c. Chondroblasts
d. Gland cells
ANSWERS
1. c
2. a
3. c
4. c
5. b
6. a
7. d
8. c
9. b
10. d 11. a
d
14. c
15. c
16. a
17. b 18. d 19. b 20. d 21. d 22. a
25. c
26. c
27. a
28. d 29. d 30. a
12. c
23. b 24. b
13.
CHAPTER – 8
CELL – THE UNIT OF LIFE
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. The body of all the living organisms is found of cells and cell is the structural and functional
unit of life.
2. The English Scientist Robert Hook examined the thin slices of cork under the microscope and
observed honeycomb like structure in them. He called these minute chambers as ‘cell’.
3. M.J Scheleiden and T. Schwann formulated the cell theory and they stated that cells are the
basic unit of structures in plants and animals.
4. Cell is considered as self-contained unit. In unicellular organisms, all the metabolic activities
of life as digestion, reproduction and excretion etc, occur in the different organelles of cell.
5. A multicellular organism represents the assemblages of either similar or dissimilar cells and
there exist division of labour among these cells.
6. Flow of information means transfer of information either inside the cell or from the
surrounding into the cell. It takes place either by genetically (intrinsic) or from the surrounding
(extrinsic).
7. Cells require constant supply of energy to maintain their structure and functions. This is
obtained either by photosynthesis or by the oxidation of food.
8. In eukaryotic cells, there is compartmentalization in the cells which is essential for cellular life.
Prokaryotic cells do not exhibit any intercellular compartments.
9. Cells possess different shapes and size. The shapes of different cells vary according to their
functional properties.
10. The egg of an ostrich is considered as the larger cell (170 x 135 mm in diameter). The pleuron
pneumonia like organisms (PPLO) like Mycoplasma is known as the smallest cell of size 0.1µ
in diameter.
11. Cell is the structural and functional unit of life. It consists of organized mass of protoplasm
surrounded by plasma membrane and cell wall (in plant cells). The protoplasm carries number
of organelles like mitochondria, plastids, ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, microtubues and
ribosomes etc.
12. A cell wall is made up of three parts – primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall.
Plasmodesmata maintain the protoplasmic continuity between two adjoining cells.
13. A cell coat (glycocalyx) is observed in many animals and protists and is made up of
oligosaccharides supplemented with the deposition of silicon, calcium and other salts. It is
protective in nature.
14. Mitochondria are known as the power house of cell as they take part in oxidative
phosphorylation and Kerb’s cycle of aerobic respiration. Each mitochondrion carries
characteristically elementary particles. F0-F1 particles (oxisomes).
15. Plastids are observed in plant cells and are of three types: chloroplasts, chromoplasts and
leucoplasts. Chloroplasts are the centres of photosynthesis and they carry characteristically
thylakoids throughout the stroma or matrix of the chloroplast.
16. Endoplasmic reticulum exists in three forms – cisternae, vesicles and tubules but its two main
types are smooth (SER) and rough (RER). Golgi complex is present in all eukaryotic cells with
few exceptions and takes part in membrane transformation, secretion and production of
complex biochemicals.
17. Lysosomes are small vesicles which are bounded by a unit membrane and contain hydrolytic
enzymes. They exist in four types – primary, secondary, residual bodies and authophagic
vacuoles. Spherosomes are also the small cell organelles surrounded by single membrane
which take part in storage and synthesis of fats.
18. Microbodies are of two types – peroxisomes and glycoxysomes. Peroxisomes contain peroxide
producing enzymes and perform photorespiration and lipid metabolism in animals.
Glyoxysomes contain enzymes for oxidation of fatty acids and glyoxulate pathway and are
observed only in plant cells
19. Ribosomes are made up of proteins and r-RNA and are the site for protein synthesis. They are
the membraneless organelle and each ribosome consists of two unequal sub units-larger and
smaller one. The two sub-units of 80 s ribosomes are 60s and 40s.
20. microfilaments and microtubules are the cytoskeletal structures which form the structural
framework of cell. Cilia and flagella have the 9 + 2 organisation of tubules.
21. Centriole is a membraneless organelle with 9+0 organisation of tubules. Each tubule consists
of three microtubules (triplet) and help in cell division by forming poles of the spindle.
22. The cell also contains non-living substances called a cell inclusions. These include starch,
glycogen, fat and aleuron grains (reserved food); mucus, oils, alkaoids, resins, gums, tannins
and latex (secretory products) and mineral matter.
23. Nucleus is a vital double membrane organelle which carries genetic information for controlling
cellular metabolism. It has four different parts nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin and
nucleolus.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
24. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch merchant who designed remarkable simple microscope and
studied bacteria, protozoans and RBCs.
25. Basal body: Centriole like structure near the cell membrane from which cilica and flagella
develop.
26. Cell: The structural and functional unit of life.
27. Cell coat: A filamentous layer of oligosaccharide on the outer side of plasma membrane.
28. Cell inclusions: The lifeless structures suspended in the cytoplasm.
29. Cell sap: The liquid contents present in the vacuoles of plant cells.
30. Cellular totipotency: Ability of matured living cells, on being freed from the plant body, to
reorganize and develop into a new plant.
31. Cellulose: A carbohydrate consisting of chain of glucose molecules present in the cell wall of
plants.
32. Centriole: A minute self-replacing body from which astral rays and spindle fibres radiate
during cell division.
33. Centrosome: A small cytoplasmic body situated just above the nucleus in animal cell.
34. Cisternae: A flattened sac-like structure bounded by a smooth surfaced membrane.
35. Chromoplast: Coloured plastids containing pigments other than green.
36. Cristae: The folds of the inner membrane of mirochondria projecting towards its interior.
37. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae with prokaryotic cell organizations.
38. Cytoplams: Viscous, translucent, jelly like substance filling up whole of the interior of cell
inside the cell membrane.
39. Deutoplasmic structure: Non-living (inclusions) structure present in the cytoplasm which are
incapable of growth and multiplication.
40. Dictyosomes: Unconnected units of Golgi body in the plant cells, consisting of stack of
membranous sacs that coat and package cell products.
41. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): A system of folded membranes in the cytoplasm which functions
as site for protein synthesis and transport.
42. Energy transducers: The structures like chloroplasts and mitochondria which convert one form
of energy into another.
43. Euchromatin: The chromatin that comprises bulk of chromosome and contains the active
genes.
44. Eukaryotic cell: A cell containing membrane bound as well as non-membrane bound organells.
45. Extrinsic flow of information: Transfer of information from outside to the cell.
46. Flagellum: Microscopic whip-like protoplasm extensions of the cell surface.
47. Golgi body: A cytoplasmic organelle in animal cells consisting of a stack of coarse membranes
that coat and package cell products.
48. Granum: Discoid stack of membranes containing chlorophyll.
49. Heterochromatin: Chromatin rich in RNA, responsible for nucleic acid metabolism.
50. Intrinsic flow of information: Transfer of information by the process of transcription and
translation inside the cell.
51. Leucoplast: Plastids withput any pigment.
52. Lignin: A complex organic substance in the walls of woody plant cells that provides strength to
them.
53. Lysosomes: Single members bag like organells containing digestive enzymes.
54. Matrix: The non-cellular ground substance in a tissue; also the innermost non-membarous area
of mitochondria.
55. Mesosomes: Intracytoplasmic members occurring within the bacterial cell.
56. Microfilaments: Long, thin cylindrical rods containing polymers of actin and myosin; forms
extensive network in the cytoplasm.
57. Micrographia: A book containing the published work of Ro
58. Micrographia: A book containing the published work of Rot Hooke.
59. Multicellular organism: An Organism which is made up of million of cells.
60. Omnis cellulae cellula: New cells arise from the pre-exixting cells only
61. Oxisomes; Tiny particles (F0-F1)present on inner membrane of mitochondria for performing
oxidativwe phosphorylation .
62. Plasmalemma: The living membrane surrounding a cell, also referred to as plasma membrane.
63. Plasmodesmata: Protoplasmic connection between adjacent cells.
64. Plastids: The cytoplasmic organells in the plant cell responsible for synthesis and storage of
food material.
65. Polyribosomes: Cluster of ribosomes.
66. PPLO: Pleuro Pneumonia like organisms.
67. Prokaryotic cell: A cell containg the4 none- membrane bound organelles.
68. Protoplasm: The living substance of cell consisting of cytoplasm and nucleus.
69. Regeneration: A replacement, repair or restoration of lost ar damaged part.
70. Ribosomes: Cytoplasmic organelle containing RNA; site of protein synthesis.
71. Spirillum: Bacteria twisted like a screw.
72. Storma: Dense part of the chloroplast in which grana are distributed.
73. Tonoplast: Membrane that surrounds the vacuole.
74. Tublin: Protein present in the peripheral tubules of cilia, flagella and centriole.
75. Unicellular: An organism made up of single cell.
76. Vesicle: A small sacs, cyst or bladder like body.
77. Vibrio: Small and curved bacteria like commas.
78. Zymogen granule: A precursor of digestive enzyme.
Organelle/Compo
nent
79. Cell wall
Structure
Rigid, None-living envelop:
Composed of microfibria of
cellulose, hemicellulose, chitin
(fungi) proteine and
polysaccharides (bacteria & blue
green algae); formed of three
layers-middle lamella, primary
cell wall and secondary cell wall.
Functiion
(i) provides protection
(ii) Provides shape and
mechanical support.
(iii)Movement of metabolites in
and out of cells.
(iv) Helps in cell growth and
expansion.
79. Cell coat
Fibrous layer of oligosaccharides
constituting the distint layer
outside plasma membrane,
additionally supported by
calcium salts and silicons and
found in protistans and many
animals.
80. Endaplasmic
Network od interconnected
reticulam(ER)
flattened membranous channels
transvering cytoplasm. Formed
of cisternae, vesicles and tubes.
Exists in two forms-rough(with
ribosomes), smooth( without
robosomes).
81. Glogi apparatus Stack of flattered sacs
(clisternae) with a network of
tubules, vesicles and vacuoles.
82. Lysosomes
83. Spherosomes
84.Peroxisomes
85. Glyoxysomes
86. Mitochondria
A unit membrane bounded
vesicular structure containg
hydrolytic enzymes; exixts in
four forms-primary lysosomes,
secondary lysosomes, residual
bodies autophagic vacuole
Tiny spherical cytoplasmic
structure, rich in lipids and
proteins.
Spherical shaped, surrounded by
a single membrane, contain
peroxide producing encymes
(oxidase) and peroxide
destroying enzymes(catalase)
Single membrane bound sacs
containing enzymes of glyoxylic
acids and ß-oxidation of fatty
acids.
Cylindrical or rod shaped
organelle bounded by double
membrane, inner membrane is
folded into cristae containing
elementary particles (F0-F1)
encloses mitochondrial matrix
(i) Protective in nature.
(ii) Provides shape to the cells.
(iii)Helps in recognizing the other
cells during tissues formation
and cell aggregation etc.
(i) Cell circulatory system for
intracellular transport.
(ii) Increases surface area for
cellular activities.
(iii)Helps in synthesis of proteins,
lipids and primary lysosomes.
(i) Helps in secretion absorption,
membrane transformation.
(ii) Formation of cell wall,
glycoprotein, acrosome and
complex polysaccharides.
(i) performs intracellular
digestion; known as suicidal bages
of a cell.
Metabolism as well as storage of
lipid.
Photorespiration in plants and
lipid metabolism in animals
Transforms facts into
carbohydrates through glyxylate ;
fat metabolism.
Site for pxidative phosphorylation
and Kerb’s cycle during aerobic
respiration
87. Plastids
88. Ribosomes
89. Microtubules
90. Cilia & flagella
91. Centriole
92. Vacuoles
(a) Chloroplast- double
membrane organelle containing
grana and stroma. Grana are
stacked thylakoids containing
green colored pigments
chlorophylls & carotenoids.
(b) Leucoplast- colorless plastids
withoutany pigmants.
(c) Chromoplast-Colored
plastieds containing various
pigments like carotiens and
xanthophylls
Site for photosynthesis,
photiphosphorylation.
Nucleoprotein protoplasmic
structures consisting of a larger
and a smaller sub-units.
Composed of proteins and rRNA
Elongated, unbranched
cylindrical tubules of protein
tubulin
Surrounded by a membranous
covering exhibit 9+2
organisation of tubules
A pair of darkly stained granules,
found in animal cells, exhibits
9+0 organisation of tubules
Sites of protein synthesis. Storage
of r-RNA and proteins
Non-cytoplasmic areas filled
with cell sap bounded by a unit
membrane, tonoplast
Storage of food
Impact color to flowers and fruits.
From skeleton of cilia, flagella
and spindle
Locomotion in flagellate and
ciliate protozoans, transport of
substances in higher organisms
(i) Forms asters during cell
division
(ii) Constitute basal bodies for the
formation of cilia and flagella
(iii) Forms axial filament in the
sperm
(i) Regulate osmotic pressure in
the cell
(ii) Store the concentrate waste
products
(iii) Store the water-soluble
pigments
93. Nucleus
Rounded structure and contains (i) Essential for survival and long
DNA and proteins, surrounded
term continuation of cells
by double membrane nuclear
(ii) Maintains all metabolic
envelop, fitted with nuclear sap activities of cell, cell maintenance
containing chromatin comprising and cell replication
of DNA, histones and non(iii) Controls the synthesis and
histones proteins; Also contains regulation of the activity of
rounded nucleous comprising of enzymes
RNA and protein.
QUESTIONS
1. Protoplasm found inside the nucleus is known as
a. Cytoplasm
b. Nucleoplasm
c. Amyloplast
d. Elaioplast
2. Walls of young cells in plants are mainly composed of
a. Cellulose
b. Starch
c. Glycogen
d. Protein
3. If all the ribosomes of a cell are destroyed
a. Respiration will not occur
b. Photosynthesis will not occur
b. Fats will not be used
d. Proteins will not be formed
4. If the content of a leaf tissue is carefully fractionated, which of the fraction could be called
alive?
a. Mitochondria
b. ER
c. Cell wall
d. Ribosome
5. Which of the following structure is present in mitochondria?
a. Quantosomes
b. Oxisomes
c. Dictyosomes
d. Polysomes
6. Which of the following observations support the view that mitochondria have electron
transport enzymes in a compact association?
a. Mitochondria have highly folded inner membrane
b. Disruption of mitochondria yields membrane fragments that can synthesize ATP.
c. Mitochondria in animal embryos concentrate in cells which are to form locomotory
structures.
d. A contractile protein capable of utilizing ATP is found in mitochondria.
7. Glycoxylate cycle occurring in glyoxisomes is important in the conversion of
a. Fat into carbohydrate
b. Glycerol into carbohydrate
c. Protein into carbohydrate
d. Complex carbohydrate into simple ones
8. An organelles essential for photorespiration is
a. Glyoxisome
b. Peroxisome
c. Dictyosome
d. ER
9. Cilia are formed by
a. Dictyosome
b. Centrioles
c. Peroxisome
d. Lysosome
10. It is the name of cytoplasmic connection between adjacent cells?
a. ER
b. Middle lamella
c. Plasmodesmata
d. Pits
11. Which one has electron transport system?
a. ER
b. Mitochondria
c. Chloroplast
d. Nucleus
12. Autolysis is related to
a. Lysosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Spherosomes
d. Phagosome
13. The chief role of nucleolus in a nucleus concerns
a. Organizations of chromosomes
b. DNA replication
c. Ribosomal synthesis
d. Chromatid separation
14. Cellulose and hemi-cellulose which are constituents of cell wall are synthesized by
a. Lysosomes
b. Microbodies
c. SER
d. Golgi body
15. Cellular organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes are located in the following cell organelles
a. Lysosomes
b. Microsomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Mesosomes
16. The outermost layer of cell wall is
a. Primary wall
b. Secondary wall
c. Middle wall
d. Plasmalemma
17. Mitochondrial cristae are the sites of
a. Protein synthesis
b. Break down of macromolecules
c. Phosphorylation of flavoproteins
d. Oxidation-reduction reactions
18. Membrane system considered to be extensions of infolded plasmalemma is
a. Golgi complex
b. Mitochondria
c. Plastids
d. Endoplasmic reticulum
19. Enzymes for changing fats to carbohydrates occur in a
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Glyoxysomes
c. Lysosomes
d. Spherosomes
20. Mitochondria are absent is
a. Green algae
b. Bacteria
c. Red algae
d. Brown algae
21. Physical basis of life is
a. Protoplasm
b. Nucleus
c. Cell
d. Food
22. The cell theory was proposed by
a. Darwin and Weismann
b. Schleiden & Schwann
c. Mendel and Morgan
d. Watson and Crick
23. Which of the following is membraneless?
a. Centriole
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleus
d. Both a & b
24. The flow of extrinsic information which controls the cellular activities is
a. DNA
b. m-RNA
c. Hormones
d. Enzymes
25. Necleoid represents to
a. Inactive nucleus
b. Chromosomes with associated proteins
c. Group of chromosomes with associated proteins
d. Genetic material without nuclear envelop and nucleolus
26. Observations of Robert Hook were published in the book
a. Origin of species
b. Species planetarium
c. General Plantarum
d. Micrographia
27. Enzymes concerned with respiration are associated in prokaryotes with
a. Plasma membrane
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleoid
d. Polysomes
28. In animal, plasma membrane help the cells to
a. Recognise each other
b. Aggregate in a tissue
c. Be selectively permeable
d. All the above
29. The main sites of oxidative phosphorylation living cells are
a. Nucleus
b. Nucleoli
c. Mitochondria
d. Ribosomes
30. Ribosomes along with fragmented endoplasmic reticulum are called
a. Mitochondria
b. Microsomes
c. Lysosomes
d. Centrioles
31. Prokaryotic cells do not possess
a. Cell wall
b. Cytoplasm
c. Cell membrane
d. Nucleolus
32. For the maintenance of organized structures and functions, the living cells require
a. Constant supply of water
b. Constant supply of proteins
c. Constant supply of minerals
d. Constant supply of energy
33. Who proved that plant cells are totipotent?
a. Steward
b. Haberlandt
c. Muir
d. Maheshwari
34. The cell membrane is elastic because
a. It has long protein molecules
b. It has a double layer of lipid molecules
c. It has glycoprotein molecules
d. It is semi-permeable
ANSWERS
1. b
2. a
3. d
13. c
14. b 15. a
25. d 26. d 27. a
4. a
5. b
16. c
17. d 18. d 19. b 20. b 21. a
28. d 29. c
6. b
7. a
8. b
9. b
30. b 31. d 32. b 33. a
10. c
11. a
12. a
22. b 23. d 24. c
34. d
CHAPTER – 9
BIOMOLECULES
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. A cell contains large number of chemicals. The 93% of the cellular material are formed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The molecules present in the living organisms are called as
biomolecules and the collection of different types of molecules is called cellular pool.
2. Carbohydrates are the hydrates of carbon with general formula Cn(H2O)n. They are the
polyhydroxy aldoses or ketoses. They are divided into two categories: Monosaccharides and
Oligosaccharides.
3. Monosaccharides are the carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolysed; oligosaccharides are formed
due to condensation of 2-9 monosaccharides. Sucrose, maltose and raffinose are the
disaccharide oligosaccharides.
4. Polysaccharides are the polymers of monosaccharides which are joined by glycosidic bonds.
They may be linear or branched in their configuration. They are called as homopolysaccharides
if they are constituted of single type of monosaccharides units otherwise they are
heteropolysaccharides if constituted of two or more types of monosaccharides units.
5. Starch is a polymer of α – D glucose units jointed by α 1, 4 glycosidic linkage. It has two
important components, amylase and amylopectin. Glycogen is known as animal starch and
consists of a branched polymer of α – D glucose. It known as animal starch and consists of a
branched polymer of α – D glucose. It shows 1-4 linkages in the straight chain and 1-6 linkages
at the region of branching.
6. Cellulose is long unbranched chain of about 6000 glucose units where successive glucose
molecules are joined by 1-4 linkage. It is found in the cell walls of plants and provides
mechanical support to the cell.
7. Lipids are the fatty acid esters of alcohol. They are insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents. Fatty acids are organic acids having hydrocarbon chains ending with carboxyl group.
These fatty acids are of two types – saturated and unsaturated. Palmitic acid, stearic acid and
saturated fatty acid as they do not possess double bonds in their carbon chain. Oleic acid,
linoleic acid are the unsaturated fatty acids.
8. Fats are the esters of fatty acids and glycerol. Phospholipids are formed of phosphate group,
two fatty acid molecules, a nitrogen-containing base (choline) bound to the phosphate group.
Phospholipids are called amphipathic lipids because of their dual solubility.
9. Amino acids are the building block of proteins. An amino acid consists of central carbon atom
joins on each side with amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), hydrogen atom and a
carbon chain. These amino acids may be acidic, basic and neutral.
10. Proteins are the linear, unbranched polymers of amino acids which are held together by peptide
bonds. The primary structure of protein reveals the arrangement of amino acids in a particular
sequences to form polypeptide chains.
11. Secondary structure of protein is formed by the interaction of amino acids after every fourth
amino acid and provides the spirally coiled shape to the polypeptide chain. In a α – helix,
hydrogen binding is established that gives or more polypeptide chains are held together by
hydrogen bonds and gives the appearances of sheet to the polypeptide chain.
12. Fibrous proteins are threads like structure where polypeptide chains are arranged in parallel
bundles. They are insoluble in water. Globular proteins are small, rounded where polypeptides
chains are folded. They are mainly soluble in water and are not coagulated by heat.
13. Simple proteins are made up of amino acids only and do not contain any non-protein groups.
Conjugated proteins are always united with non-polar.
14. Nucleotides from the basic units of nucleic acids and consist of nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar and a phosphate group. ATP is a higher nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribosome and
three phosphates.
15. Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. It is of two types-DNA and RNA, DNA molecules is
a double helical structures and its two strands run anti parallel and are held together
16. RNA is a single stranded and contains uracil nitrogenous base instead of thymine as found in
DNA. It is of three types –r-RNA, m-RNA and t-RNA each plays specific role in proteins
synthesis.
17. An enzyme is a biocatalyst, proteinaceous in nature which can enhance the efficiency of a
biochemical reaction. It consists of two parts: apoenzyme and co-factor. The co-factor may be
inorganic or organic in nature. The organic co-factor is called co-enzyme.
18. The enzymes are generally named by using a prefix ‘ase’ taken from the molecule on which it
acts. Some enzymes are also names after the compound they attack. Recently, enzymes are
classified an named by an international code of enzyme nomenclature in order to maintain
uniformity in scientific communication.
19. Enzymes are classified in to six categories-oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolases, lyases,
isomerases and ligases.
20. Enzymes are biocatalyst, proteinaceous, sensitive to rise of temperature an drequire specific
medium for their action. They reduce the rquirment of activation energy at substract binding
site and allow the reaction to proceed.
21. Michaelis constant (km) is the substrate concentration that produces the half maximal velocity.
It is the measure of the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate. The lower the km value, the
higher is the substrate affinity of the enzyme.
22. Emil Fischer in 1898 gave the ‘lock an key’ hypothesis to explain the mode of enzyme action.
Each enzyme should have particular specific geometric configuration which must be
complementary to the specific geometrical shapes of substracte.
23. An enzyme firstly combines with substrate to form enzyme- substrate complex which on
hydrolysis yields reaction products and an enzyme.
24. During competitive inhibition, the inhibitor resembles the substrate molecule and competes the
substrate to get the active site of an enzyme. But in non-compective inhibition, the inhibitor
does not compete for the active site of the enzyme but attaches itself on some other site of the
enzyme.
DEFINITIONS & TERMS
25. Adhesion: The molecular force of attraction in area of contact between unlike bodies that acts
to hold them together.
26. Activator: Chemical substrate which helps enzymes to becomes functional.
27. Activation energy: Energy required to make the collision of reactant molecules to forcefully
result in a chemical reaction.
28. Agar: non-nitrogenous gel like substance obtained from sea weeds which is used as culture
medium in the laboratory as well as laxative, stiffening and emulsifying agent.
29. Amphipathic: Conjugated lipids(phospholipids) carrying both hydrophilic polar and
hydrophobic non-polar groups.
30. Amphoteric: A chemical bearing both negative and positive charges.
31. Amylopectin: A branched chain polysaccharides (starch)consisting of α-D glucose units(20002,00,000).
32. Amylose: an unbrached coiled polysaccharide consisting o 200-2000 glucose units linked
together by 1-4 α linkages.
33. Amyloplast: Starch granules stored inside the chloroplast or special leucoplasts.
34. Animal starch: Glycogen, stored in the liver abd muscles; consisting of branched 30,000
glucose units joined by α 1-4 links and cross linked by α 1-6 glycosidic links.
35. Apo-enzyme: Protein part of a holoenzyme.
36. Bio-catalyst: A catalyst of organic origin i.e enzyme which accelerates biochemical reactions.
37. Biomolecules: Molecules present in the living organisms.
38. Casein: milk protein.
39. Cellulose: Fibrous polysaccharide consisting of about 6000 β-D glucose units joined by β 1-4
linkage.
40. Chitin: polysaccharide whichforms the structural component of funga;l walls and exoskeleton
of arthropods: basic units are N-acetygluosamine instead of glucose.
41. Cholesterol: A common sterol (C27H45OH) consisting of four-fused hydrocarbon rings and a
long side chain.
42. Co-enzyme: the organic cofactor which is loosely attached with an enzymes.
43. Co-factor: Inorganic or organic non-protein part of the holoenzymes or conjugate enzyme.
44. Collagen: Structural protein of tendons and cartilage.
45. Conjugated protein: Protein is united with a non-protein molecule.
46. Cohesion: The molecular attraction between particles within substance that acts to unite them.
47. Denaturation: Breaking of hydrogen of bonds between the nitrogenous bases of DNA due to
the effect high temperature
48. Endoenzyme: An enzyme that is functional outside the living organism e.g. rennet tables used
for coagulating milk.
49. Fatty acid: A long chain of hydrocarbon ending in a carboxyl group.
50. Ferritin: Iron-storing protein necessary for clotting of blood.
51. Fibrous protein: thread like proteins where polypeptides are folded; soluble in water and not
coagulatd by heat.
52. Glutein: Storage protein found in the ceeals.
53. Glycosidic bond: A bond formed between aldoses or ketones and an alcoholic group of another
organic compound.
54. Haemoglobin: Transport protein found in blood to carry oxygen.
55. Heteroplysaccharide: Polysaccharide consisting of more than one one type of monosacchride
monomers.
56. Homopolysaccharide: Polysaccharide consisting of only one type of monosaccharide
monomers.
57. Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction in which a complex compound is broken up into simpler ones
by chemical addition of water.
58. Hydrogenation: Process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats.
59. Inhibitor: Substances that limits or suppresses the catalytic activity.
60. Isoelectric point: A neutral pH of protein
61. Isozymes: Multiple molecular forms of an enzyme occurring in the same organism and having
a similar substrate activity.
62. Keratin: Fibrous protein found in the skin and hair
63. Lipids: Fatty acids ester of alcohol; insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
64. Michanelis constant: Substrate concentration at which the reaction attains half of its maximum
velocity.
65. Milk sugar: Lactose; found naturally in milk secreted by mammary glands.
66. Monosaccharides: Carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolysed.
67. Monomeric protein: Protein consisting of one polypeptide chain.
68. Monocisteronic: A m-RNA specifying only a single polypeptide.
69. Mucopolusaccharide: Muciliaginous carbohydrate found in the cell walls of bacteria in the
connective tissues of animals.
70. Nucleoside: A compound formed by the union of a nitrogenous base with a pentose sugar.
71. Nucleotide: Phosphoric esters of nucleoside.
72. Oligomeric protein: A protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains
73. Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates formed by condensation of 2-9 monosaccharides.
74. Papain: A protein digesting enzyme present in the unripe fruit and green leaf of papaya, used as
a meat tenderizer.
75. Peptide bond: A bond formed between two amino acids by joining carboxyl group one amino
acid and amino group of another amino acid.
76. Phospholipids: Esters of glycerol and a mixture of fatty acid and phosphoric acid.
77. pH: A symbol used to indicate acidity or alkalinity; a logarithmic index for the hydrogen ion
concentration in aqueous solution.
78. Polysaccharides: Compound sugars formed due to larger number of monosaccharides.
79. Polycisteronic: A m-RNA specifying the number of polypeptide chains.
80. Prosthetic groups: Co-factors are tightly bound to the protein part of the enzyme.
81. Purine: Nitrogenous bases-cytosine, thymine and uracil.
82. Reducing sugars: Sugars containing free aldehyde or ketone group.
83. Simple enzyme: An enzyme which is made up only protein and there is no additional group
attached to it.
84. Simple proteins: Proteins which yield amino acid or their derivatives on hydrolysis.
85. Starch: Polysaccharide; polymer of glucose units linked by glycosidic bonds.
86. Sterols: Steroids having –OH groups in their molecules.
87. Substrate: The substance upon which an enzyme acts.
88. Transcription: Formation of m-RNA on DNA template.
QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is not the carbohydrate?
a. C6H12O6
b. C5H10O4
c. C3H6O3
d. C12H22O11
2. In a nucleoside, the nitrogenous base is joined with sugar molecule in its
a. Covalent bond
b. Weak hydrogen bond
c. Glycosidic
d. Peptide bond
3. The nitrogenous base uridine always joins with
a. Ribose sugar
b. Deoxyribose sugar
c. Hexose sugar
d. None of the above
4. Which of the following functions as second chemical messenger in many hormone controlled
chemical reactions
a. NAD+
b. FAD
c. cAMP
d. ATP
5. The angle between two hydrogen atoms of the water molecule is about
a. 10o
b. 90o
c. 150o
d. 180o
6. The bond CO-NH is established between two
a. Proteins
b. Amino acids
c. Fatty acids
d. Monosaccharides
7. The steroid which has the anti fertility properties is
a. Testosterone
b. Progesterone
c. Diosgenin
d. Estradiole
8. In phospholipid lecithin, the phosphoric acid is linked to additional nitrogenous group called
a. Choline
b. Ethanolamine
c. Glycine
d. Alanine
9. Which of the following is a fruit sugar?
a. Fructose
b. Lactose
c. Glucose
d. Maltose
10. A double ring structure is found in
a. Adenine
b. Cytosine
c. Thymine
d. Uracil
11. A purine has imidazole ring which is joined to pyrimidine rings at
a. 1’ and 3’ positions b. 7’ and 9’ positions c. 4’ and 5’ positions d. Both a and b
12. Polyunsaturates are given to persons suffering from
a. Hypertension
b. High blood cholesterol
c. Cardiovascular diseases d. All the above
13. Pyrimidine bases of DNA are
a. Uracil and Guanine
b. Thymine and Cytosine
c. Adenine and Guanine
d. Adenine and Cytosine
14. A riboside is
a. Ribose + phosphate + base
b. Ribose + base
c. Ribose + phosphate
15. The molecules shown below is
NH2
H
O
C
C
d. Base + phosphate
H
≈
NH
C
COOH
H
CH3
a. Fatty acid
b. Nucleoside
c. Peptide
d. Disaccharide
16. Which of the following is macronutrient?
a. Zinc
b. Molybdenum
c. Potassium
d. Copper
17. Glucose possesses
a. Aldehyde group
b. Ketonic group
c. Carboxyle group d. Both a and b
18. In aqueous medium, phospholipids produce
a. Single layer
b. Bilayer
c. Insoluble layer on water surface
d. No particular arrangement
19. A lipid consisting of four fused hydrocarbon rings and a long side chain is
a. Phospholipid
b. Sterol
c. Wax
d. Oil
20. A co-enzyme formed by nucleotide and vitamin riboflavin is
NAD+
b. FMN
c. NADP+
d. FAD
21. Most water present in mature plant cell is found in
a. Vacuole
b. Cytoplasm
c. Guanine
d. Adenine
22. A base present in RNA in place of thymine is
a. Uracil
b. Cytosine
c. Guanine
d. Adenine
23. An element not present in a nitrogen base is
a. Phosphorus
b. Nitrogen
c. Carbon
d. Hydrogen
24. Lactose is present in
a. Sugarcane
b. Fruits
c. Milk
d. Egg
25. Palmitic acid is
a. Fatty acid
b. Organic acid
c. Saturated fatty acid
d. Unsaturated fatty acid
26. Cholesterol is
a. Monosaccharide b. Disaccharide
c. Sterol
d. Protein
27. The sugar found in the milk is
a. Sucrose
b. Maltose
c. Lactose
d. Glucose
28. Lipids are soluble in
a. Polar solvent
b. Non-polar solvent c. Water
d. None of the above
29. The high energy bond exists between
a. First and second phosphates of ATP
b. Second and third phosphates of ATP
c. Adenine and ribose of ATP
d. First and third phosphates of ATP
30. Which of the following helps in the transmission of electrical impulse in the nerve cells?
a. Calcium and iron
b. Calcium and sodium
b. Sodium and potassium
d. Iron and potassium
31. Which of the following sugars is present in considerable amount in blood?
a. Galactose
b. Glucose
c. Sucrose
d. Fructose
32. β-glucose sub unit is found in
a. Amylose
b. Amylopectin
c. Cellulose
d. Glycogen
33. The wood contains sufficient amount of
a. Chitin
b. Mucopolysaccharide
c. Lignin
d. Cellulose
34. α-glucose sub unit occurs in
a. Cellulose b. Fructose & galactose
c. Glycogen & Starch
d. Cellulose
35. α & β glucose differ in orientation of OH group that lies at
a. C1
b. C2
c. C3
d. C4
36. Which of the following is not a mucilage?
a. Agar
b. Cellulose
c. Alginic acid
d. Carragenin
37. Mucillage are
a. Disaccharide
b. Polysaccharide
c. Phospholipids
d. Proteins
38. Glucose is stored as glycogen in
a. Pancreas
b. Kidney
c. Liver
d. Bone
39. The vitreous humour of eye and synovial fluid contain
a. Mucopolysaccharides
b. Glycoprotein
c. Lipoprotein
d. All the above
40. A functional protein must have a particular structure called as
a. Primary structure b. Secondary structure
c. Helical structure d. 3-dimesional structure
41. Which of the following is a conjugated protein?
a. Amylase
b. Pepsin
c. Haemoglobin
d. Trypsin
42. DNA is a polymer of repeating units called as
a. Ribonucleotides
b. Deoxyribonucleosides
c. Deoxyribonucleotides d. Ribonucleoside
43. In DNA, adenine is paired with
a. Thymine
b. Cytosine
c. Guanine
d. Uracil
44. The sugar present in DAN is
a. Parallel
b. Anti-parallel
c. Non-complementary
d. Separate
45. The sugar present in DNA is
a. C5H10O5
b. C5H10O4
c. C6H10O6
d. C12H22O11
46. Which of the following nitrogen bases are present in RNA?
a. Adenine & Guanine
b. Guanine & Cytosine
c. Adenine, guanine, thymine & Cytosine d. Adenine, guanine, uracil & cytosine
47. Which of the following is the major constituent of hair, nail, skin, horns, feathers and wool?
a. Chitin
b. Keratin
c. Collagen
d. Pepsinogen
48. Of the total DNA, cytoplasmic DNA constitutes
a. 40-50%
b. 1-5%
c. 25-30%
d. 85-90%
49. The two stands of DNa are held together by
a. Nitrogen
b. Carbon
c. Oxygen
d. Hydrogen
50. The smallest RNA is
a. m-RNA
b. t-RNA
c. R-RNA
d. Chromosomal RNA
51. In DNA double helix, which base pairs establish hydrogen bonds
a. A-G, T-C
b. U-A, C-A
c. A-T, C-G
d. A-C, G-T
52. The number of hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine is
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. Four
53. DNA strands are anti-parallel because of
a. Hydrogen bonds b. Disulphide bonds c. Phosphodiester bonds
d. None of the above
54. Apoenzyme consists of
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Vitamin
d. Metal
55. Which of the following is not associated with enzyme?
a. Proteinaceous b. Specific in nature c. Used up during reaction d. Increase in rate of reaction
56. Cyanide kills an animal by inhibiting
a. Cytochrome oxidase
b. Succinic dehydrogenase c. Hexokinase d. Isomerase
57. Which of the following is necessary for bacteria and not for man?
a. Malonic acid
b. p-amino benzoic acid
c. Succinic acid
d. Sulphanilamide
58. Enzymes which break down compounds without the involvement of water are called
a. Lyases
b. Hydrolases
c. Oxidoreductases d. Isomerases
59. A compound with almost similar to the substrate can act as
a. Competitive inhibitor
b. Co-enzyme
c. Isomerase
d. Kinase
60. Select the correct statement
a. The Km value of an enzyme is the substrate concentration at which reaction attains the
half its maximum the type of protein
b. The lower is the km, the lower is the substrate affinity
c. Km value of the substrate will not vary with the type of protein
d. Proteases can act on a variety of polysaccharides
61. Allosteric modulation of feed back inhibition is due to the inhibition action of enzyme action
by
a. Products of reaction
b. Substrate concentration
c. Enzyme concentration
d. Competitive inhibition
62. The enzymes having slightly different molecular structure but similar catalytic action are called
a. Proenzymes
b. Coenzymes
c. Isoenzymes
d. Holoenzymes
63. A working combination of an apoenzyme and a co-enzyme or cofactor is termed as
a. Prosthetic group
b. Holoenzyme
c. Enzyme-substrate complex
d. Enzyme-product complex
ANSWERS
1. c
2. c
3.a
4.c
5.c
14.b
15.c
16.c
17.a
27.c
28.b
29.b
40.d
41.c
53.a
54.b
6.b
7.c
8.a
9.a
10.a
11.c
12.d
13.b
18. b 19.b
20.d
21.a
22.a
23.a
24.c
25.c
26.c
30.c
31.b
32.c
33.d
34.c
35.a
36.b
37.b
38.c
39.a
42.c
43.a
44.b
45.b
46.d
47.b
48.b
49.d
50.b
51.c
52.c
55.c
56.a
57.b
58.a
59.a
60.a
61.c
62.b
CHAPTER – 10
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Cell division is a mean of reproduction ad it is the most important feature of all living
organisms.
2. Cell division is considered as a process of ensuring exact multiplication of cellular information
and its equal distribution to the two daughter cells.
3. Cell division occurs by two methods: (a) Mitosis and (b) Meiosis.
4. Mitosis occurs in the somatic cells. The whole process of division is completed in one
sequence and results in the formation of two daughter cells. It is an equational division and is
mean of growth for replacing the old worn out cells.
5. Meiosis takes place in the reproductive cells. Each parental cell gives rise to four daughter cells
with half the number of chromosomes. This helps in keeping the number of chromosomes
constant from generation to generation.
6. The division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) takes place after karyokinesis and this cells, an
invagination starts appearing from the cell membrane and proceeds towards the centre by
dividing the cell into two. In plant cells, a cell plate is formed in the centre and extends towards
the periphery until it completely divides the cell into two.
7. Interphase is the interval period between two successive cell divisions. During this period, the
nucleus and cytoplasm are very active metabolically. On the basis of bio-chemical studies, it
can be divided into three periods – G1, S and G2.
8. The life history of organisms can be summed up as gametic fusion (fusion of male and female
gamete to form zygote), educational division (mitosis) and reductional division (meiosis).
DEFINITIONS & TERMS
9. Amitosis: A nuclear division which is neither mitotic nor meiotic.
10. Anaphase: The stage of cell division during which chromatids (or chromosomes) move
towards opposite poles.
11. Bivalent: A minute self-replicating body which radiates astral rays and spindle fibres during
cell division.
12. Centrosome: The region attachment of the sister chromatids and also the site of attachment to
spindle fibre.
13. Chromatid: Each longitudinal half of a chromosome.
14. Chromatin: The diffuse deep-staining hereditary material in the nucleus.
15. Colchicine: An alkaloid obtained from Colchicum autumnale that inhibits the formation of
mitotic spindle during cell division.
16. Crossing over: A mutual exchange of parts of chromatids between homologous bromosomes.
17. Cytokinesis: The stage of cell division in which cytoplasm is divided to form two daughter
cells.
18. Homologous chromosomes: A pair of chromosomes of the same size and shape bearing
corresponding genes governing the same set of traits.
19. Interphase: A stage between two cell division where nucleus is not involved in actual
divisional process but is very active metabolically and synthetically.
20. Karyokinesis: The process of nuclear division during mitosis or meiosis
21. Kinotochore: Disc shaped structure by which half the number of chromosomes is produced in
all the daughter cells.
22. Metaphase: A second stage of cell division where the chromosomes (or chromatids) are
arranged at the equator of the spindle.
23. Mitosis: Process of cell division by which same number of chromosomes is produced in both
daughter cells.
24. Prophase: The first stage of cell division in which individual chromosomes (or chromatids)
become distinct and the nuclear membrane disappears.
25. Polyploid cells: Abnormal cells containing increasing number of chromosomes.
26. Recombinase: Enzyme involved in crossing over process of meiosis.
27. Spindle: An aggregate of tubular filaments arranged in a bipolar form seen during nuclear
division.
28. Syncytium: Occurrence of multinucleated condition when karyokinesis is not followed by
cytokinesis.
29. Telophase: The final stage of cell division in which the nucleus beings to return to the
interphase conditions.
QUESTIONS
1. DNA replication occurs during
a. Mitosis only
b. Meiosis only
c. Mitosis and meiosis II
d. Mitosis and meiosis I
2. How many mitotic divisions occur in a cell of root tip to form 256 cells?
a. 128
b. 8
c. 32
d. 64
3. In meiosis I, a bivalent is an association of
a. Four chromatids and four centromeres
b. Four chromatids and two centromeres
c. Two chromatids and two centremeres
d. Two chromatids and one centremers
4. Disjunction is
a. Separation of chromosomes at anaphase.
b. Chromosomal deletion
c. Incompatibility in thallophytes
d. Modification of gene expression by a non-allelic genes.
5. In mitosis, the sister chromatids are formed which migrate towards the two poles during
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
6. The phargmoplast is formed in
a. An animal cell
b. A bacterial cell
c. A plant cell
d. A mycoplasma cell
7. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Meiosis occurs by chance
b. Meiosis occurs in rapidly dividing somatic cells
c. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes and spores
d. Meiosis occurs to maintain the original parental chromosome number
8. Mitotic spindle is made up o
a. Actin
b. Myosin
c. Tubulin
d. Flagellin
9. The cells having more than two complete sets of chromosomes are called
a. Haploid
b. Diploid
c. Polyploid
d. Polyhybrid
10. The chromosome structure is most clear during
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Interphase
d. Telophase
11. The cell cycle has a sequence of
a. G1, S,
G2
&
M
b. S, G,
G2
&
M
c. M, G1,
G2
&
S
d. S, M,
G1
&
G2
12. Which one is present on a chromosome?
a. Centrosome
b. Centromere
c. Nucleus
d. Golgi body
13. If after meiotic division cells activity is restricted to G1 phase of the cell cycle, then the
condition is known as
a. G2 phase
b. G0 phase
c. S-phase
d. M-phase
14. Crossing over in a diploid organism is responsible for
a. Dominance of genes
b. Linkage between genes
c. Segregation of alleles
d. Recombination of linked genes
15. In mitosis, nuclear envelop and nucleolus disappear during
a. Prophase
b. Interphase
c. Metaphase
d. Telophase
16. Colchicine influences
a. DNA replication
b. Organisation of spindle
c. Chromosome condensation
d. Chromosome division
17. Anastral mitosis is found in
a. All living organisms
b. Higher plants
c. Higher animals
d. Lower animals
18. During the division of optical meristem, the nuclear membrane appears in
a. Metaphase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Cytokinesis
19. In the meiotic cell division, 4 daughter cells are produced by two successive divisions in which
a. First division is equational, second is reductional.
b. First division is reductional, second is equational
c. Both divisions are reductional
d. Both divisions are equational
20. The two daughter cells formed during mitosis contain
a. the same amount of DNA, nut a set of chromosomes different from those of the parent
cell.
b. The same amount of DNA and same set of chromosomes as those of the parent cell.
c. Half of the amount of DNA, and same set of chromosomes as those of the parent cell
d. Double the amount of DNA and a set of chromosomes different from those of parent
cell.
ANSWERS
1. d
13. b
2. d 3. b
14. d 15. a
4. a
5. c
6. c
16. b 17. b 18. c
7. a
8. c
9. c
19. b 20. b
10. b 11. a
12. b
CHAPTER – 11
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Water is extremely vital for plant growth and development. It is absorbed by root hair from soil
and reaches to the leaves. The water moves in the root through apoplast and symplast pathway.
2. Water potential is the difference between the chemical potential of water in a solution and that
of pure water. It is measured in Megapascals. The value of water potential of pure water is
zero. Water always moves from the region of higher water-potential to lower water potential.
3. Absorption and movement of water in plant body depends up several phenomenon, which help
in absorption of water.
4. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from the region of higher concentration to lower
concentration through semi-permeable membrane whereas diffusion is the movement of
molecules or ions of a gas, liquid or solid from the area of their greater concentration to an area
of their lower concentration. Diffusion plays very important role in several vital processes in
plants like uptake and distribution of water, photosynthesis, respiration and loss of water
vapour from leaves to the atmosphere.
5. A plant cell undergoes plasmolysis when it is placed in hypertonic solution and becomes turgid
in the hypotonic solution. Turgidity helps in opening and closing of stomata as well as essential
for plants to live and grow normally.
6. Root pressure is the hydrostatic pressure existing in the roots, which pushes the water up in
xylem vessels. The root pressure in approx. of 1-5 atmosphere and helpful for transport of
water to the tips of herbaceous plants.
7. Transpiration is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant body. It may be cuticular,
lenticular or stomatal.
8. The stomata are the small pores on the surface of leaf. Each stoma is surrounded by two bean
shaped guard cells. The opening and closing of stomata is governed by the change in the
turgidity of the guard cells.
9. Transpiration is affected by several factors such as temperature, light, soil’s water and
atmospheric humidity etc. Wilting condition of leaves occurs when the loss of water by
transpiration is more than the rate of uptake by roots.
10. The transport of water to the tops of trees occurs through xylem vessels. The forces of adhesion
and cohesion maintain a thin and unbroken columns of water in the capillaries of xylem vessels
through which it travels upward.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
11. Adhesion: The molecular force of attraction between xylem vessels and water
12. Anti-transpirant: The substances which reduce the rate of transpiration.
13. Ascent of sap: Upward transport of water and minerals from roots to the aerial part of the plant.
14. Cohesion: The molecular attraction between water or particles.
15. Deplasmolysis: Phenomenon of absorption of water by a plasmolysed cell.
16. Diffusion: Movement of molecules – solid, liquid and gas from a region of higher
concentration to lower concentration.
17. Diffusion pressure: Pressure exerted by the diffusing particles.
18. Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of substances with concentration gradient across the
membrane facilitated by some proteins.
19. Guard cells: Special type of epidermal cells composing the stomata.
20. Guttation: The water loss in its liquid phase at night and early morning in the leaves of many
herbaceous parts.
21. Hypertonic solution: Solution having lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration
of solvent to the other solution.
22. Matric potential: Water potential of the matrix in the context of plant water relations.
23. Membrane permeability: Membrane, to which extent it permits or restricts the movement of a
substance.
24. Osmosis: Diffusion of solvent molecules from low concentrated solution into high
concentrated solution.
25. Pascals: Unit of measurement of water potential
26. Plasmodesmata: Protoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.
27. Plasmolysis: Process of shrinkage of protoplasm in a cell due to exosmosis in hypertonic
solution.
28. Porins: Proteins that form pores in the outer membranes of organelles.
29. Protoplasm: Refers to the living contents of cells and consists of cytoplasm and a nucleus.
30. Protoplast: Refers collectively to the plasma membrane and protoplasm
31. Root Pressure: A hydrostatic pressure existing in the roots.
32. Turgor pressure: Hydrostatic pressure developed inside the cell on the cell wall due to
endosmosis.
33. Transpiration: The loss of water from the aerial parts of plants, especially leaves.
34. Water Potential: The difference in the free energy or chemical potential per unit molal volume
of water in a system
35. Wall pressure: Pressure exerted by cell water to counteract the turgor pressure.
QUESTIONS
1. The real force causing water entry into cell from other cell is
a. Turgor pressure
b. Wall pressure
c. DPD
d. Osmotic pressure
2. When the cell is fully turgid, then its
a. DPD = 0
b. OP = 0
c. SP = TP
d. DPD = OP
3. Swelling of wooden doors during rainy season is due to
a. Endosmosis
b. Imbibition
c. Deplasmolysis
d. Capillary
4. If cell A with OP = 5 and TP = 4 is surrounded by the cell with OP = 3 and TP = 1, what will
be direction of water movement?
a. Water will not move up
b. Water will move up
c. From cell A to other cells
d. From other cells to cell A
5. That the cell wall is permeable membrane can be best deduced from the passage of water and
mineral salts from
a. Root hairs into cortical cells
b. Crotical cells into the perricycle
c. Soil into root hairs
d. Pericycle cells into tracheal element
6. The pressure developed as a result of water saturation in the cells is known as
a. Root pressure
b. Turgor pressure
c. Osmotic pressure d. Diffusion pressure deficit
7. Roots absorb water from the soil which is
a. Hygroscopic water b. Water in the form of dew c. Rain water only
d. Capillary water
8. Permanent wilting in plants is determined by
a. Deficiency of water in aerial parts of the plant
b. Deficiency of water in soil
c. Both of the above
d. d. None of the above
9. A cell devoid of cell wall will burst if immersed in
a. Hypertonic solution
b. Hypotonic solution
c. Isotonic solution d. All the above
10. Freshly cut potato chip is put into a strong solution of sugar, later it is found to be
a. Flaccid
b. Larger
c. Turgid
d. More full of starch
11. Water in plants is transported by (Ascent of sap takes place through) or (which one of the
following is connected with transport of water in plants)?
a. Phloem
b. Cambium
c. Epidermis
d. Xylem
12. In which of the following plants would metabolism be hindered if the leaves were coated with
wax on their upper surface?
a. Vallisneria
b. Pistia
c. Lotus
d. Hydrilla
13. Stomata open at night and close during the day time in
a. Succulents
b. Mesophytes
c. Hydrophytes
d. Xerophytes
14. “Osmosis is the diffusion of a solution of a weaker concentration into a solution of a higher
concentration when both are separated by a semi permeable membrane”. What is the error in
this statement?
a. The exact concentration is not indicated
b. There is no mention of DPD
c. The movement of water molecules is not specified
d. The behaviour of the semi permeable membrane is not specified
15. When beet root cylinders are washed and then placed in cold water, anthocyanin does not came
out. This indicates most likely that plasma membrane is
a. Differentially permeable to anthocyanin
b. Dead structure
c. Impermeable to anthocyanin
d. Permeable to anthocyanin
16. In succulent plants the stomata open in night and close by day, which of the following would
be best hypothesis to explain the mechanism of stomatal action in night only.
a. CO2 accumulates, reduces pH, stimulate enzymes, resulting in accumulation of sugars.
b. Absorption CO2 conversion to organic acids, resulting in the increased uptake of
potassium ions and water.
c. Low CO2 concentration accumulates organic acids resulting in the increased
concentration of cells sap.
d. CO2 used up, increased pH results in accumulation of sugars.
17. Osmosis is defined as
a. Flow of solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane from less to more
concentrated solution.
b. Flow of a solute from a semi-permeable membrane
c. Flow of water without a membrane
d. None of the above
18. Absorption of water by roots is increased when
a. Transpiration rate increase
b. Photosynthesis rate increase
v. Transpiration rate is less
d. Salt absorption is decreased
19. A cell placed in strong salt solution will shrink because
a. Cytoplasm will decompose
b. Mineral salt will break the cell wall
c. Salt water will enter the cell
d. Water comes out by exosmosis
20. When a cell is kept in 0.5 solution of sucrose, its volume does not alter. If the some cell is
place in 0.5 solution of sodium chloride, the volume of the cell wall
a. Increase
b. Decrease c. Cell will be plasmolysed d. Will not show any change
21. When a cell is fully turgid which of the following will be zero
a. Turgor pressure
b. Wall pressure
c. DPD
d. Osmotic pressure
22. Wilting of the plant occurs when
a. Xylem is blocked
b. Phloem is blocked
c. Both xylem and phloem are blocked
D. None of the above
23. Guard cells differ from epidermal cells is having
a. Mitochondria
b. Vacuoles
c. Cell wall
d. Chloroplast
24. Which of the following changes in the cell sap of the guard cells is responsible for keeping the
stomata open during day time?
a. Increase in osmotic pressure but decrease in turgor pressure
b. Decrease in osmotic pressure but increase in turgor pressure
c. Decrease of both osmotic and turgor pressure
d. Increase of both osmotic and turgor pressure
25. Percentage of water left in soil when a plant wilts is called
a. Turgidity b. Wilting co-efficient
c. Field capacity
d. Water retaining power of soil
26. Wilting of leaves in hot weather is due to
a. Lack of water absorption
b. Excessive transpiration
c. Excess of transpiration as compared to water absorption d. Excessive absorption by roots
27. Stomata open during day time because the guard cells
a. Photosynthesized and produce osmotically active sugars
b. Are thin walled
c. Are bean shaped d. Have to help in gaseous exchange
28. Root pressure is maximum when
a. Transpiration is high and absorption is very low
b. Transpiration is very low and absorption is high
c. Transpiration is very high and absorption is also high
d. Transpiration and absorption both are low.
29. Water rises in the stem due to
a. Cohesion and transpiration pull b. Turgor pressure
c. Osmotic pressure d. None
30. Of the process which occur in leaves, the one which may decrease their temperature is
a. Respiration
b. Photosynthesis
c. Transpiration
d. Hydrolysis
31. Which one explains ascent of sap?
a. Cohesion theory b. Mass flow c. Malate hypothese d. Interfacial flow hypothesis
32. Movement of water in the cortex of root from outside to inside is due to
a. Gradient of water potential
b. Gradient of chemical potential
c. Accumulation of organic solutes
d. Accumulation of inorganic salt
33. Plasmolysis occurs due to
a. Absorption
b. Osmosis
c. Endosmosis
d. Exosmosis
ANSWERS
1.c
14. c
27.a
2.a
15.c
28.b
3.b
16.b
29.a
4.c
17.a
30.c
5.c
18.a
31.a
6.b
19.d
32.a
7.d
20.b
33.d
8.b
21.c
9.b
22.a
10.a
23.d
11.d
24.b
12.c
25.b
13. a
26.c
CHAPTER – 12
MINERAL NUTRITION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Roots of the plant absorb some nutrients in large quantities as these are absolutely necessary
for normal growth and development. These are called macronutrients. They are generally,
found in plant tissues in concentration of 1 to 10 mg per gram of dry matter. The
micronutrients are specially required in very small amounts (equal to or less than 0.1 mg per
gram dry matter). The manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron are the essential
micronutrients. Both micronutrients as well as macronutrients play essential roles of structural,
electrochemical and catalytic in the plants.
2. The water culture experiments or ash analysis is done to find out the roles of any essential
element to record the symptoms produced by the deficiency of an essential element.
Magnesium is a constituent of the chlorophyll molecule and is essential for photosynthesis
whereas calcium constitutes the middle lamella for binding the adjacent cells.
3. The process of intake of nutrients from the soil is said to be mineral absorption. It occurs by
two different ways - passive and active absorption. Passive absorption is simply caused by the
diffusion without any expenditure of energy on the part of absorbing cell. Active absorption is
the uptake of minerals and water against the concentration gradient. The movement of ions is
termed as flux. Movement into the cell is influx and the outward movement is efflux.
4. In passive absorption, the ions can be absorbed and accumulated against an electro chemical
potential (ecp) gradient without the use of metabolic energy. This may be ion exchange.
Donnan equilibrium and mass flow of ions. In active absorption, the ions move against
concentration or ecp gradients with additional use of energy. Mineral nutrients absorbed by the
root are carried to the xylem by two pathways – apoplast and symplast.
5. Nitrogen is very essential for substances of life. Plants can not use atmospheric nitrogen
directly. It is, therefore necessary that atmospheric nitrogen must be fixed into organic
combinations. The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds by living
organisms is called biological nitrogen fixation. The enzyme, nitrogenase produces ammonia
from the gaseous nitrogen. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate in the soil occurs through the
mediation of bacteria – Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. The free living nitrogen fixers include
cyanobacteris, Azotobacter and clostridium.
6. Ribozobium bacteria live symbiotically in the root nodules of legumes. These modules contain
enzyme nitrogenase and leg-hemoglobin pigments that act as oxygen scavengers because
nitrogenase is very sensitive to oxygen.
DEFINITIONS & TERMS
7. Abscission: Premature fall of flowers and fruits.
8. Active absorption; Absorption occurring at the expense of metabolic energy.
9. Autotroph: An organism that can synthesize its required nutrients from simple and organic
substances.
10. Biological nitrogen fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds by
living organisms.
11. Chlorosis: Loss of chlorophyll.
12. Denitrification: A process of conversion of nitrate into nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas.
13. Die-back: Killing of shoot apex.
14. Etiolation: Lack of photosynthesis in the absence of light.
15. Heterotroph: An organism that cannot synthesis its own organic nutritive substances.
16. Hunger Sign: Symptoms of specific pattern that appear in the deficiency of any essential
element.
17. Hydroponics: method of raising plants in a soil-less solution.
18. Leg-hemoglobin: Pinkish pigment that are required by the plants in relatively large quantity.
19. Micronutrients: Elements that are required by the plants in minute quantity.
20. Mineral absorption: A process of intake of nutrients from the soil.
21. Mottling: Patches of green and non-green areas.
22. Necrosis: Death of cells and tissues.
23. Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate.
24. Nitrate reductase: A metalloflavin that catalyses the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.
25. Nitrogenase: An enzyme that fixes atmospheric nitrogen in to ammonia.
26. Passive absorption: Absorption of minerals with concentration gradient by the process of
diffusion without any expenditure of energy.
27. Whiptail: A symptom produced in cauli-flower plants in the deficiency of molybdenum.
QUESTION
1. Which is the important criterion for a mineral to be classified as an essential element for plant
growth?
a. Should be easily soluble in water.
b. Should be absorbed by a plant through sap
c. Should take part in metabolism directly or indirectly
d. All the above
2. Die-back disease of citrus is caused by a
a. B
b. Mn
c. Cu
d. Zn
3. One of the following is required for auxin synthesis
a. Sugars
b. Zinc
c. Calcium
d. Proteins
4. Deficiency of one of the following causes “little leaf rosette” disease in trees
a. B
b. Mn
c. Zn
d. Cu
5. Insectivorous plants are
a. Autotrophs
b. Hetrotrophs
c. A+b
d. Autotrophs but trap insects
6. One of the following is not essential for plant growth
a. K
b. Na
c. Mg
d. Ca
7. Nitrogen is taken by plants normally in the form of
a. Free Nitrogen
b. Ammonia
c. Nitrate
d. Nitrogen peroxide
8. In plants a common symptom caused by deficiency of P,K,Ca and Mg is
a. Bending of leaf lip
b. Formation of anthocyanin
c. Poor development of Vascular system
d. Appearance of dead necrotic spots
9. Mg or Fe needed by plants for
a. Energy transfer
b. Synthesis of chlorophyll
c. Stomatal opening
d. Translocation of carbohydrate.
10. Which one of the plants cannot fix atmospheric nitrogen directly?
a. pea
b. Beam
c. Gram
d. Castor
11. On the basis of symptoms of chlorosis, it was referred that this was due to deficiency of
nitrogen,. This would be corrected only if we assume that yellowing first appeared in
a. old leaves
b. Young leaves
c. Young leaves followed by old leaves
d. Mature leaves followed by young leaves
12. Which is micronutrient?
a. Mg
b. Zn
c. Ca
d. p
13. Bacteria that change protiens to ammonia in nitrogen cycle are
a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
b. Nitrate Bacteria
c. Decay bacteria
d. Denitrifying bacteria
14. Conversion of organic nitrogenous compound in to ammonia compound is called
a. Denitrification
b. Aminization
c. Nitrification
d. Ammonificatiion
15. Iron is a constituent of
Middle lamella
b. Leghemoglobin
c. Cytochrome
d. All the above
16. In the nodules of roots in leguminous plants, we find
a. Nitrifying bacteria
b. Nitrogen fixing v\bacteria
c. Nitrogen producer bacteria
d. Denitrifying bacteria
17. Which of the following is most limiting factor for nitrification in the soil?
a. Soil reaction (pH)
b. Moisture
c. Tillage
d. Temperature
18. Etiolation occurs in plants grown in
a. Dark
b. Shade
c. Strong light
d. Iron-fee medium
19. Which is required for nitrogen fixation ?
a.Mn
b. Zn
c. Cu
d. Mo
20. Brown hard disease is due to deficiency of
a. Mo
b. K
c. Fe
d. B
21. Lake of which element has made some plants insectivorous?
a. Iron
b. Sodium
c. Nitrogen
d. Magnesium
22. Chlorophyll synthesis requires
Fe and Mg
b. Fe and Ca c. Ca and K
d. Ca and Cu
23. Plants absorb the element nitrogen in the form of
a. Nitrogen gas
b. Nitric acid c. Nitrates
d. Nitrites
24. Chlorophyll contain
a. Fe
b. Mg
c. K
d. Mn
ANSWERS
1. c
14.d
2.c
15.c
3.b
16.b
4.c
17.a
5.d
18.a
6.b
19.d
7.c
20.d
8.d
21.c
9.b
22.a
10.d
23.d
11.a
24.b
12.b
13.c
CHAPTER 13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Photosynthesis is an anabolic process where the radiant energy of the sun is transduced to
chemical energy, mainly in the leaves. Chloroplastes are the main organelles where entire we
photosynthesis process occurs.
2. Chloroplast contains various pigments like chlorophyll, xanthophyll and reaction. The
absorption spectrum of chlorophyll is maximum for red light and least for green light.
3. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps: light reaction and dark reaction. Light
dependent steps of photosynthesis occur in the grana of chloroplast with chlorophyll molecules
of absorption spectrum at 680 mu. During non-cyclic photosphorylation there is the production
of one molecule of ATP and NADPH2 for each photon of light absorbed.
4. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the excited electrons from the chlorophyll molecule return to
the chlorophyll molecule after traveling in a cyclic manner. It works as a self-contained cyclic
mechanism where electron donor and final electron acceptor is the same substance-chlorophyll.
5. Dark reaction occurs in the stroma of chloroplast under three steps: carboxylation, glycolytic
reversal and regeneration of RiBP. For six turns of dark reaction cycles, one molecule of
glucose is synthesized.
6. Photorepiration is the reversal of photosynthetic reaction where abundant of carbon-dioxide is
liberated from the photosynthetic tissue in the presence of brigyt sunlight. On a hot sunny day,
enzyme RuBP carboxylae becomes active and its affinity for Co2 decreases and for O2
increases.
7. Several monocots (sugarcane, maize and sorghum etc.) possess an another pathway of CO2
fixation in addition to C3 cycle and this is called as Hatch and Slack pathway. C4 plants are
partially adapted to drought conditions where high rates of CO2 fixation are maintained even
with reduced stomatal aperture. But C4 pathway is more energy expansive pricess that the C4.
8. The various actors that influence the process of photosythesis are light intensity, availability of
CO2, temperature, water, chlorophyll and age of the leaf etc. Blackman enunciated the
principle of limiting factor as ‘when a process is conditioned as to its rapidly by a number of
separate factors, the rate of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor.
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS & TERMS
9. Absorption Spectrum: A curve reflecting the amount of light absorbed by a pigments at each
wavelength.
10. Action spectrum: The actual rate of oxygen evolved or CO2 consumed during photosynthesis is
plotted against different wavelengths of light.
11. Carboxylation: Fixation of CO2
12. Carotenoids: A group of pigments, which range in colour from yellow to purpile. Carotenes
and xanthophylls are the main carotenoids.
13. Chemosynthesis: Process of carbohydrate synthesis in which oganisms use chemical reactions
to obtain energy from inorganic compounds.
14. Compensation point : Point at which CO2 intake and output are equal and the rate of apparent
photosynthesis is zero.
15. Hatch and Slack: Reported the C4 pathway for CO2 fixation.
16. Hill’s reaction: Oxygen is evolved as a by-product of photolysis of water in the presence of
isolated chloroplast.
17. Induction phase: Time lag between illumination and CO2 reduction.
18. Kranz anatomy: Characteristic of C4 plants where mesophyll is undifferentiated and its cells
occur in concentric layers around vascular bundles.
19. NADP (Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate): A complex organic compound, which
helps in the transfer of hydrogen in the electron transport chain.
20. Photon: Light is a form of energy and it travels as a stream of tiny particles.
21. Photophosphorylation: Generation of ATP from ADP in light reactions of photosynthesis.
22. Photooxidation: Destruction of chlorophyll occurs when the intensity of light falling on leaf
increases beyond a point in the presence of oxygen.
23. Photorespiration: Evolution of abundant CO2 from the photosynthetic tissues in the presence
of light.
24. Photolysis: Splitting of water molecules during light reaction.
25. Photosynthesis: A process where solar energy is trapped by autotrophic organisms and
converted into chemical energy in the form of food.
26. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR): Portion of the spectrum between 400nm and
700nm.
27. Principle of limiting factor: When a process is conditioned as to its rapidly by a number of
separate factors, the rate of the process is limited by the pace of the slowest factor.
28. Quantum: Energy contained in an individual photon.
29. Red drop: A sharp reduction in the rate of photosynthesis when monochromatic beam of more
than 680 nm was used alone.
30. Translocation: Distribution of prepared organic matter from the place of its synthesis to the
other parts through the phloem.
QUESTIONS
1. The first step in photosynthesis
a. Joining of 3 carbon atoms to form glucose
b. Formation of ATP
c. Ionization of water
d. Excellent of an electron of chlorophyll-a by a photon of light.
2. In a photosynthesis experiment, plant growth could not be best when exposed to
a. Red and blue lights
b. Yellow and orange lights
c. Green light
d. Blue and green lights
3. The thylakoids are removed and kept in a culture medium containing CO2 and H2O. If the set
up is exposed to light, hexose sugars are not formed as the end product. The most appropriate
reason for this will be that
a. Carbon assimilation cannot take place
b. The pigments (P700 and P680) are not linked.
c. Enzymes are not available.
d. The light-trapping device is non-functional.
4. Which of the following occurs during dark phase of photosynthesis?
a. Hydrogen is released
b. ATP is produced
c. Molecular oxygen is released
d. PGAL is synthesized
5. Cyclic photophorylation releases
a. ATP and NADPH2
b. ATP, NADPH2 and oxygen
c. ATP only
d. NADPH2 only
6. Which of the following is a Hill’s Reaction?
a. Photolysis of water by isolated chloroplasts resulting in the formation of NADPH2 and
ATP.
b. Photolysis of water by isolated cholorplasts in light resulting in the reduction of some
chemical compounds and release of oxygen
c. Photosynthesis of water releasing oxygen and hydrogen by isolated chloroplasts in the
presence of light.
d. Photolysis of water by cholroplast
7. Impure air is purified in the presence of light and green plants was said by
a. De Saussure
b. Priestley
c. Von Helmont
d. Ingenhousz
8. Which plant is efficient converter of solar energy and whose net productivity are 2 to
4kg/m2/year or even higher?
a. Rice
b. Sugarcane
c. Papaya
d. Wheat
9. If CO2 contents of the atmosphere is as high as 300 parts per million
a. The plants would not grow properly
b. The plants would thrive well
c. Plants would grow for some time and then die
d. All plants would be killed
10. Chloroplast fix
a. O2
b. H2
c. CO2
d. N2
11. The C4 plants are different from C3 plants with reference to the
a. The substance that accept CO2 in carbon assimilation
b. Type of end products of photosynthesis
c. Number of ATPs that are consumed in preparing sugar
d. Type of pigments involved in photosynthesis
12. Which would do maximum damage to a tree?
a. The loss of half of its leaves
b. The loss of all of its leaves
c. The loss of half of its branches
d. The loss of its bark
13. During day light hours the rate of photosynthesis is higher than that of respiration, and the ratio
of O2 produced to that consumed is about
a. 1 : 1
b. 10 : 1
c. 50 : 1
d. 5 : 1
14. Photosynthesis involves
a. Oxidative phosphorylation
b. Reduction of NADH to NAD
c. ATP Synthesis
d. Reduction of CO2
15. Calvin cycle is
a. Inhibited by light
b. Dependent upon light
c. Independent of light
d. Supported by light
16. Balance between atmospheric CO2 and O2 is maintained by
a. Photorespiration b. Photosynthesis
c. C4 pathway
d. Transpiration
17. Organelles involved in photorespiration are
a. Mitochondria, peroxisomes and glyxysomes
b. Mitochondria, nucleus and ribosomes
c. Mitochondria, chloroplast and ribosomes
d. Mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxisomes
18. Pigment involved as a reaction centre during photosynthesis is
a. Cytochrome
b. Phytochrome
c. Carotene
d. P700
19. Chlorophyll-a is found in all
a. Oxygen liberating photosynthetic organisms
b. autotrophs
c. High plants
d. Algae
20. Dark reaction of photosynthesis are found in
a. Stroma outside lamellae
b. Grana thylakoid membrane
c. Stromatal thylakoid membrane
d. Outer chamber
21. The enzyme RuBP Carboxylase /oxygenase occurs in
a. Golgi complex
b. Mitochondria
c. Peroxisome
d. Chloroplast
22. In C3 platns, the first product of photosynthesis is
a. Oxaloacetic acid b. Phosphoglyceric acid
c. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
d. RuBP
23. Carbon-di-oxide acceptor in C3 plants is
a. PEP
b. PGA
c. RMP
d. RuBP
24. The reduction of NADP to NADPH2 occurs during
a. Calvin cycle
b. PS-I
c. Cyclic photophosphorylation
d. Non-cyclic photophsphorylation
25. C4 plants differ from C3 plants in
a. Initial acceptor of Carbon-di-oxide
b. End product
c. Photosynthetic pigments
d. Assimilatory power
26. Photorespiration is formed by
a. High oxygen and low carbon-di-oxide
b. Low oxygen and high carbon-di-oxide
c. Low light intensity
d. Low temperature
27. Photosynthesis is
a. Reductive, anabolic and exergonic process
b. Oxidative, exergonic and catabolic process
c. Reductive, endergonic and catabolic process
d. Reductive, endergonic and anabolic process
28. Much of the starch is deposited in banana fruit as it matures. Which of the following explains
how the starch sets there?
a. Starch solution passes through cells from phloem to fruit.
b. The starch grain passes through cells from xylem to fruit
c. Starch solution passes through cells such as companion cells to fruit
d. A sugar solution passes through cells such as companion cells to fruit where it is
change to starch.
29. A cell that lacks chloroplast
a. Evolve carbon-di-oxide
b. Liberate oxygen
c. Require water
d. Utilize carbohydrates
30. Energy is transferred from the light reaction to the dark reaction step by
a. Chlorophyll
b. ADP
c. ATP
d. RuBP
ANSWERS
1.d
2.a
3.c
4.d
5.c
6.b
7.b
8.b
9.b
10.c
11.a
12.d
13.b
14.d
15.d
16.b
17.d
18.d
19.a
20.a
21.d
22.c
23.d
24.d
25.a
26.a
27.d
28.d
29.b
30.c
CHAPTER 14
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Respiration is a biological process where oxidation of food takes place to release energy. In
aerobic respiration, the respiratory substrates are completely oxidizes whereas in anaerobic
respiration, they are incompletely oxidized into CO2 and alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
2. The process of aerobic respiration involves glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport
chain. Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrate into pyruvic acid which takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell. During this, there is a bet gain of 2ATP and 2NADH2 molecules.
3. Kreb’s cycle occurs in the matrix mitochondria in the presence of sufficient oxygen and give
rise to 8NADH2, 2ATP and 2FADH2. In electron transport chain, the reduced co-enzymes of
glycolysis and TCA cycle (NADH2 and FADH2) are oxidizes by molecular oxygen. The
oxidation of NADH?2 or FADH2 occurs by transfer of their electrons to a accumulation of
lactic acid in the muscle by anaerobic respiration.
4. The pyruvic acid formed during glucolysis is incompletely oxidized to alcohol and organic
acids under anaerobic conditions. A person feels pain and fatigue in his leg after running a
marathon race due to accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle by anaerobic respiration.
5. In man, anaerobic respiration occurs in the muscles. It causes the accumulation of lactic, which
leads to muscle fatigues. In yeast, it takes place during the process of fermentation.
6. Anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic respiration because incomplete
oxidation of food occurs during this and its end products can be further oxidized to release
energy.
7. Oxidative phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP during aerobic respiration. It occurs in F0F1 complex of mitochondria where F1 head acts as an ATP-synthase which synthesize ATP
from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from proton gradient.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
8. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): Compound containing three phosphate groups carrying two
high energy bonds; source of high energy phosphate for energy requiring reaction in the cells.
9. Aerobic respiration: Cellular respiration carried out with the help of oxygen
10. Anaerobic respiration: Cellular respiration carried out in the absence of oxygen
11. Anaerobe: Organism which performs cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen
12. Co-enzyme: An organic non-protein molecule essential for the activity of some enzymes;
several co-enzymes are derived from vitamins.
13. Compensation point: The amount of CO2 uptake is equal to that generated through respiration
14. Cytochromes: A group of coloured iron containing compounds which form a part of electron
transport chain in the cellular oxidation process.
15. EMP Pathway: Embden Meyerhoff Parnas pathway-Glycolysis
16. Electron transport: Movement of electrons from substrates to oxygen, catalysed by the
respiratory chain during respiration
17. Eukaryotes: The cells containing membrane bound as well as non-membrane bound organelles.
18. Fermentation: The energy yielding enzymatic breakdown of organic substances that takes place
in certain microorganisms under anaerobic conditions usually accompanied by evolution of
heat and CO2 and formation of alcohol and lactic acid.
19. Floating respiration: Respiration involving carbohydrates and fats as respiratory substrate.
20. Glycolysis: Anaerobic process of breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid than occurs in
cytoplasm.
21. Oxidation: Removal of electrons accompanied by removal of hydrogen
22. Oxidative phosphorylation: Coupling of phosphate with ADP to form ATP; linked to electron
transport chain
23. PPP: Pentose pathway
24. Prokaryotes: The cells containing non-membrane organelles where nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
is not separated.
25. Protoplasmic respiration: Respiration involving proteins as respiratory substrate.
26. Reduction: Addition of electrons accompanied by addition of hydrogen
27. Respiration: Biochemical oxidation of food to release energy
28. Respiratory quotient: A ration of the volume of carbon-di-oxide produced to the volume of
oxygen consumed over a period of time.
QUESTIONS
1. The Kreb’s cycle occurs in
a. Grana
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosomes
d. Cytoplasm
2. Oxidative phosphorylation results in the synthesis os
a. ADP during aerobic respiration
b. NADP during anaerobic respiration
c. Cytochromes
d. ATP during aerobic respiration
3. Anaerobes respire in the
a. Presence of CO2
b. Absence of both O2 and CO2
c. Absence of O2
d. Absence of CO2
4. Adenosine triphosphate is
a. A coenzyme
b. A nucleoprotein
c. A molecule with high energy phosphate bond
d. None of the above
5. A net gain of glycolysis with a molecule of glucose is the formation of
a. 2 NADH2, 2ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecule
b. 2NADH2, 2ATP and 1 pyruvic acid molecules
c. 1NADH2, 2ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules
d. 2NADH2, 4ATP and 2 pyruvic acid molecules
6. RQ value for fat is
a. Less than one
b. More than one
c. More than two
d. none of these
7. The site of glycolysis wit a molecule of glucose is the formation of
a. Mitochondria
b. Cytoplasm
c. Ribosomes
d.ER.
8. Citric acid cycle was discovered by
a. Calvin
b. Devlin
c. Krebs
d. Green
9. Both oxidative phosphorylation and photphosphorylation require
a. Oxygen
b. Cytochrome
c. CO2
d. H2O
10. When a molecule of pyruvic acid is changed to lactic acid, there is a
a. Loss of 6 ATP molecules
b. Loss of 3 ATP molecules
c. Gain of 4 ATP molecules
d. Gain of 2 ATP molecules
11. Fermentation is performed by
a. All microorganisms
b. Some fungi & some bacteria
c. All bacteria
d. All fungi
12. ATP is produced when electrons are passed from
a. Cyt a-cyt c
b. Cyt c-cyt a
c. NADH2 – Quanone
d. Cyt a-cyt a3
13. In which part of a mitochondrion are succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase
located?
a. Mitochondrial matrix
b. Inner membrane
c. Perichondrial space
d. Outer membrane
14. Production of CO2 is more than intake of oxygen when respiratory substrate is
a. Sucrose
b. Glucose
c. Fat
d. Organic acid
15. Total ATP produced during EMP pathway is
a. 6
b. 8
c. 24
d. 36
16. The reactions of TCA cycle occur in
a. Ribosomes
b. Grana
c. Mitochondria
d. Endoplasmic reticulum
17. In eucaryotes, the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose results in the net gain of
a. 2 molecules of ATP
b. 36 molecules of ATP
c. 4 molecules of ATP
d. 38 molecules of ATP
18. The intermediate between glycolysis and TCA cycle is
a. Pyruvic acid
b. Glucose 1, 6-diphosphate c. Oxalo acetate
d. Acetyl COA
19. Mitochondria are called the power houses of the cell. Which of the following observations
support this statement?
a. Mitochondria contain ATP
b. Mitochondria have a double membrane
c. The enzymes of the Kreb’s cycle and the cytochromes are found in mitochondria
d. Mitochondria are found in almost all kinds of plants and animal cells.
ANSWERS
1.b
2.d
15.b 16.c
3.c
4.c
5.a
17.b
18.a
19.c
6.a
7.b
8.a
9.b
10.a
11.b
12.d
13.b
14.d
CHAPTER 15
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Dormacy of seed is a state of inhibition of growth of the seed. It may be caused due to hard and
impermeable seed coat, under-developed embryos and presence of inhibitory substances. But,
it is an adaptation to ensure seed germination under suitable environmental conditions.
2. Growth and development are the main characteristics of all living organisms. Growth is an
anabolic process here increase in length, diameter or weight of an organism occurs.
Development refers to the sequence of processes in the overall life history of organism
including growth, differentiation, maturation and senescence.
3. Growth and development of a plant takes place with the help of plant growth regulators.
Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscissic acid and ethylene are the main phytohormones
(plant growth regulators).
4. Auxin is synthesized at the tip of a coleoptile and specifically required for elongation process.
Indole acetic acid (IAA), IBA, 2, 4D and NAA are the synthetic auxins which have prime
importance in agriculture.
5. Gibberllin (GA3) is obtained from fungus Gibberella fujikuroi and is used to stimulate the
growth of many plants. Cytokinins act primarily on cell division and show no effect on growth.
6. Abscissic acid is a natural growth inhibitor. Ethylene is a simple gaseous compound, which
plays an essential role in the natural ripening of fruits.
7. Phytochrome is a pigment, which controls the light dependent development process. It exists in
two interconvertibel forms – Pr and Pfr and controls the seed germination and flowering.
8. The relative lengths and darkness required for flowering is known as photoperiodism. It is the
critical dark period that actually determines the flowering response of the plant.
9. Senescence is the period between reproductive maturity and the death of the plant. During
senescence, the functional capacity decreases, metabolic failure increases resulting to death or
cellular breakdown.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
10. Abscission: A detachment of plant organs like leaves etc. from mature plants
11. Apical dominance: Suppression of the growth of lateral buds in the presence of apical buds
12. Auxin: Phytohormone produced by the tip of a coleoptile and specifically needed for
elongation process.
13. Callus: Unorganized and undifferentiated mass of cells
14. 2, 4D: 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid that behaves like growth hormone.
15. Dormancy: A period of suspended activity and growth usually associated with low metabolic
rate and increased resistance to environmental stresses.
16. Ethylene: A gaseous compound, a potent growth regulator.
17. Florigen: Flowering hormone synthesizing in the leaves.
18. Juvenility: Early phase of plant growth until it produces flowers.
19. Parthenocarpic fruits: The seedless fruits, which are formed without fertilization and
pollination
20. Photoperiodism: Response of plant to the relative length of day and night period to induce
flowering.
21. Phytochrome: A photoreceptor molecule which controls light developmental process.
22. Phytogerontology: A branch which deals with the study of aging and senescence.
23. Senescence: The last phase of growth where metabolic activities decrease and finally death is
caused.
24. Stratification: The seeds which require low temperature for germination
25. Vernalization: The method of promoting flowering by exposing the young plants to a cold
treatment.
26. Viviparity: The seeds germinate inside the fruit while it is still attached to the parent tree.
QUESTIONS
1. The principle and naturally occurring auxin in higher plant is
a. NAA
b. Maleic hydrozide
c. 2, 4D
d. IAA
2. Specific property attributed to gibberellin is
a. Elongation of genetically dwarf plant.
b. Promotion of abscission in fruits
c. Shortening of genetically tall plants
d. Rooting of stem cutting
3. High concentration of synthetic auxins would
a. Kill weeds
b. Cause root initiation
c. Control cell elongation
d. Prevent lateral buds to grow
4. One of the following causes rooting in cutting
a. IBA
b. 2, 4D
c. GA3
d. ABA
5. Supra-optimal concentration of auxins
a. Kill plant
b. Promotes flowering
c. Prevents shortening of the internodes
d. Promotes growth in both stem and root apex.
6. A plant bends towards the source of light when exposed to the light on only one side. Which of
the following is the best explanation of the phenomenon?
a. They need light for photosynthesis
b. Some auxin accumulates on the shaded side to induce greater elongation on that side
c. The apices of their stems are attracted by light
d. Light stimulates the cells on the illuminated side to increase in length.
7. Ripening of banana is accompanied with
a. Sudden rise in auxin
b. Sudden rise in gibberellins
c. Sudden rise in cytokinin
d. Sudden rise in ethylene
8. Exogenous application of gibberellins induces male flowers formation on genetically female
plants
a. Cucumis
b. Cucurbita
c. Carica
d. Coccinia
9. The practice of subjecting seeds to low temperature for a period of time in order to cause
growth and flowering during summer season is called
a. Vernalization
b. Devernalization
c. Thermolysis
d. Wintering
10. Leaf fall occurs when content of
a. Auxin increase
b. Auxin decrease
c. ABA decreases
d. GA decreases
11. Hormone responsible for apical dominance is
a. IAA
b. GA
c. ABA
d. Florigen
12. Movement of auxin is
a. Acropetal
b. Basipetal
c. Centripetal
d. Both b and c
13. Plant hormone controlling fruit ripening is
a. IAA
b. GA
c. Kinetin
d. Ethylene
14. Ripening of fruits can be accelerated by
a. Artificially adding ethyle gas to atmosphere surrounding them.
b. Reducing supply of water to plant when the fruits are maturing
c. Supplying plenty of nitrogen to atmosphere surrounding them
d. Warming up the surrounding artificially
15. Abscission layer is formed by
a. Cambium cells
b. Sclerenchymatous cells
c. Corl cells d. Parenchyma
16. When the dark period of short day plant is interrupted by a brief exposure of light, then the
plant
a. Flowers immediately
c. Will not flower at all
b. Turns into a long day plant
d. Give more flowers
ANSWERS
1.d
2.a
15.c 16.c
3.a
4.a
5.a
6.b
7.d
8.a
9.a
10.b
11.a
12.b
13.d
14.a
CHAPTER 16
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Digestion is intracellular in lower invertebrates like protozoans and sponges but in man,
extracellular digestion takes place in the alimentary canal with the involvement of large
number of digestive glands and enzymes.
2. Alimentary canal is incomplete in lower invertebrate but it is complete in man consisting of
mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
3. Mouth bears the salivary glands, which secrete saliva; saliva contains starch splitting enzyme
and mucin. The mucin helps in swallowing the food bolus.
4. Stomach is muscular sac like structure divided into cardiac, body and the pylorus. The pyloric
sphincter guards the opening in between pylorus and duodenum. Stomach mechanically churns
up the food and secretes gastric juice.
5. Small intestine is the largest part of the alimentary canal and is differentiated into duodenum,
jejunum and ileum. Its inner surface is greatly increased by villi and microvilli for digestion
and absorption of food. The chief function of jejunum is secretion and that of ileum is
absorption.
6. The ileum joins with large intestine near the caecum and vermiform appendix. It is
differentiated into three parts: caecum, colon and rectum. The main function of large intestine
is the absorption of water and formation of faeces.
7. Liver is the largest gland that lies in the cavity of the diaphragm in the walled and pear shaped
gall bladder lies to the lower surface of right lobe. Liver secretes bile, which is stored in gall
bladder.
8. Pancreas is the lobular and soft yellowish gland consisting of head, body and tail. It secretes
pancreatic juice is an alkaline with pH 8.8.
9. Digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth where salivary amylase hydrolysis the starch
into maltose, isomaltose and limit dextrin. Pancreatic amylase performs the same function in
the duodenum at pH 8.8. The intestinal juice contains number of enzymes and act best at pH
8.3.
10. Digestion of protein starts in the stomach and completes in the small intestine. HCL maintains
the acidic medium in the stomach and converts pepsinogen and prorennin into pepsin and
rennin respectively.
11. Digestion of fat occurs in small intestine where pancreatic lipase and intestinal lipase convert
lipids into monoglycerides, fatty acid and glycerol. Bile brings about the emulsification of fats.
12. Absorption of food occurs in the small intestine with the help of villi and microvilli. Theis
absorption may be passive or active. Passive absorption takes place by simple diffusion,
osmosis and facilitated diffusion and no energy is required for this but active absorption
requires energy to absorb nutrients against concentration gradient.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
13. Bile: A watery greenish fluid that emulsifies the fat particles.
14. Caecum: A small pouch like structure that ends into vermiform appendix
15. Canines: Dagger shaped teeth.
16. Chylomicron: Fat droplets in the lymph
17. Diphyodont: Appearance of teeth twice in the life time
18. Duodenum: The first part of small intestine where hepatopancreatic duct opens
19. Egestion: Elimination of undigested waster food materials from the body
20. Extracellular digestion: Process of digestion occurring outside the cells in narrow cavities.
21. Gall bladder: A muscular sac situated below the liver store bile
22. Heterodont: Presence of different types of teeth.
23. Incisors: Chisel shaped teeth
24. Ingestion: Taking in of complex food
25. Intracellular digestion: Process of digestion taking place inside the cell
26. Lacteal: Villi containing lymph for the absorption of digested fat
27. Micelles: Small spherical water soluble droplets containing fatty acids, glycerides, starch and
fat-soluble vitamins
28. Oesophageal sphincter: A ring of muscle that controls the opening of oesophagus into the
stomach.
29. Oxyntic cells: HCL secreting cells
30. Peristalsis: A traveling wave of constrictions that pushes the luminal contents downward.
31. Thecodont: Teeth embedded in jaw sockets
32. Villi: Finger like projections in the wall of small intestine which increase the surface area for
absorption of food.
33. Zymogenic cell: Cells that secrete large quantity of pepsinogen
QUESTIONS
1. The first permanent teeth develops at the age of
a. 3 years
b. 5 years
c. 4 years
d. 6 years
2. Vermiform appendix is a part of
a. Intestine
b. Liver
c. Stomach
d. Rectum
3. Surgical removal of gall bladder in human beings would lead to
a. Impairment of digestion of fat
b. Impairment of digestion of protein
c. Jaundice
d. Increased acidity in intestine
4. Parotid salivary glands are present
a. Below the tongue
b. Below the ears
c. In the angles between two jaws
d. Below the eye orbits
5. Which of the following does not produce any digestive enzyme?
a. Intestinal mucosa
b. Gastric mucosa
c. Pancreas
d. Liver
6. Man cannot digest cellulose but cow and other herbivorous animals can take food containing
cellulose because
a. They have enzyme cellulose in their stomach
b. They masticate it well by chewing teeth
c. They have bacteria in their alimentary canal which digests cellulose
d. None of these
7. Amino acids produce by digestion of proteins are absorbed fro intestine through
a. Lacteal
b. Rectum
c. Blood capillaries in the villi d. Lacteal and blood capillaries in villi
8. Fatty acids and glycerol are first taken up from alimentary canal by
a. Villi
b. Blood capillaries
c. Hepatic portal vein
d. Lymph vessels
9. The epithelial cells linning the stomach of vertebrates are protected from damage by HCl
because
a. The epithelial cells are resistant to the action of HCl
b. HCl is too dilute
c. HCl is neutralized by alkaline gastric juice
d. Epithelial cells are covered with a mucous secretion
10. If pH of a protein is 2.0, which enzyme will digest this?
a. Trypsin
b. Amylase
c. Pepsin
d. Erypsin
11. The sigmoid clone is a part of
a. Large intestine
b. Small intestine
c. Pharynx
d. Rectum
12. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas and the bile is released by the liver in response
to the hormone
a. Insulin
b. Zymogen
c. Secretin
d. Cholecystokinin
13. Chyme is an alkaline emulsion found in
a. Stomach
b. Upper part of duodenum
c. Secretin d. Lower part of duodenum
14. The chief function of bile is
a. Elimination of waster products
b. Regulation of digestion
c. Digestion of fat through enzymes
d. Emulsification of fat
ANSWERS
1.d
2.a
3.a
4.a
5.d
6.c
7.a
8.c
9.d
10.c
11.a
12.d
13.d
14.d
CHAPTER 17
BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Respiration is a biochemical process where food is oxidized in the mitochondria to release
energy for various metabolic activities.
2. Protozoans, sponges and coelenterates respire through their general body surface as they are
directly in contact with the environment. Special vascularised structures called gills are used by
most of the aquatic arthropods and mollusks.
3. Skin is the respiratory organ in annelids and in amphibians because their skin is thin, moist,
and permeable and richly supplied with blood capillaries
4. Insects do not bear any respiratory pigment and they respire with trachea, which are well
developed and widely spread in the whole body. Among varftebrates, fishes use gills whereas
reptiles, birds and mammals respire through lungs. Mammals have a well-developed
respiratory system.
5. Respiratory system of man consists of nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles and lungs. Lungs are two in number, situated in the thoracic cavity one on either
side of the heart.
6. Breathing movements occur in tow phases: inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, the
external intercostal muscles and radial muscles of diaphragm contract and the abdominal
muscles relax. During expiration, relaxation of external itnercostal muscles and radial muscles
occur. The abdominal muscles contract.
7. Blood is a fluid connective tissue, which transports oxygen from alveoli to the tissue cells for
oxidation and carbon-di-oxide from the tissue cells to the alveoli of the lungs for elimination.
8. The oxygen is carried in the blood in the oxyhaemoglobin form and it dissociates into oxygen
and hemoglobin in the tissue when partial pressure of oxygen is low.
9. During tissue respiration, the carbon-di-oxide is produced and it is carried by three forms –
physical solution, bicarbonate ions and carbamino hemoglobin.
10. The normal rate of respiration in adults is 14-18 times and is regulated by respiratory centres
located within the medulla and pons. The increase in CO2 concentration is detected by
respiratory centre and its impulses are automatically passed to the diaphragm and ribs muscles
for increasing the rate and depth of breathing.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
11. Aerobic respiration: Respiration occurring in the presence of free oxygen
12. Anaerobic respiration: Respiration occurs in the absence of free oxygen where food is
incompletely oxidized
13. Alveoli: Extremely thin walled polyhedral sacs in the lungs where exchange of gases occurs
14. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; a source of high-energy phosphate for energy reactions in the
cells.
15. Cutaneous respiration: Respiration occurring through skin
16. Emphysema: A chronic disorder in which alveolar walls damage and respiratory surface is
decreased
17. Expiration: Involves expelling out foul air (CO2) from the lungs.
18. Gills: Respiratory organs in aquatic animals
19. Inspiration: Rhythmic act of breathing involves inward flow of air
20. Larynx: A cartilaginous box which help in sound production
21. Mucus: A viscid fluid secreted by mucous cells
22. Oxyhaemoglobin: An unstable compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin in
the erythrocytes.
23. Pleura: Outer covering of lungs
24. Residual volume: Quantity of air that remains in the lungs after deepest forceful expiration.
25. Respiration: A biochemical catabolic process where food is oxdised to release energy for
various metabolic activities.
26. Tidal volume: Volume of air that is inspired or expired during normal quiet breath.
27. Trachea: Respiratory organs of insects consisting of network of branched closed tubes.
28. Vital capacity: Maximum volume of air that an individual can expel out after a deepest
possible inspiratory effort.
QUESTIONS
1. The blood is alkaline in nature and if it is made acidic then
a. Binding of oxygen with hemoglobin decreases
b. Binding of oxygen with hemoglobin increases
c. Binding of carbon-di-oxide with hemoglobin decreases
d. Binding of carbon-di-oxide with hemoglobin increases
2. Terminal bronchioles in mammals have
a. Cartilage rings
b. Mucous cells
c. Elastic fibres
d. Elastic and reticular fires.
3. Body cavity is partitioned into thoracic and abdominal cavity by
a. Heart
b. Diaphragm
c. Liver
d. Lungs
4. The left lung of human is
a. 2 lobed
b. 3 lobed
c. 4 lobed
d. 5 lobed
5. Air enters lungs because
a. The lungs are elastic
b. The body needs oxygen
c. Outer costal muscles contract
d. Intercostal muscles contract
6. If you take a deep breath, you can take into your lungs about 3 dm3 of air over and above the
tidal volume. This is known as
a. Inspiratory reserve
b. Expiratory reserve
c. Residual volume d. None of these
7. The narrowest and most numerous tubes of lungs are termed as
a. Helium
b. Bronchus
c. Alveoli
d. Bronchioles
8. In anaerobic respiration
a. Oxygen is taken in
b. Carbon-di-oxide is taken in
c. Oxygen is given out
d. Carbon-di-oxide is given out
9. The function of tracheal hair is to
a. Pass mucous out
b. Pass mucous in
d. Pass air out
d. Pass air in
10. Percentage of O2 present in inhaled air in man is about
a. 21%
b. 1%
c. 78%
d. 43%
11. In which form the CO2 is carried in the blood?
a. Sodium carbonate
b. Sodium bicarbonate c. Pottassium carbonate d. Magnesium bicarbonate
12. Blood contains CO2 in which of the following forms?
a. NaHCO3
b. Carbonic acid
c. Hb – CO2
d. Hb – CO2 and CO
13. The rate and depth of respiration shall increases when
a. Oxygen concentration increases
b. CO2 concentration increases
c. Bicarbonate concentration increases
d. Bicarbonate concentration decreases
14. Mammalian lungs have enormous number of minute alveoli (air sacs). It is to allow
a. More space for increasing the volume of inspired air
b. More surface area for diffusion of gases
c. More spongy texture for keeping lungs in proper shape
d. More nerve supply to keep organs active when working
15. The process in which chloride ions pass into RBC and bicarbonate ions pass out, is called
a. Chloride shift
b. Buffer system
c. Enzyme shift
d. Bicarbonate shift
16. The respiratory centre leading to faster breathing is on account of
a. Venous blood entering the respiratory centre
b. Arterial blood entering the respiratory centre
c. Venous blood leaving the respiratory centre
d. Arterial blood leaving the respiratory centre
17. In a normal man to help transport of O2 and CO2 properly, the blood is
a. Slightly alkaline
b. Slightly acidic
c. Strongly alkaline
d. Strongly acidic
18. Hamburger’s phenomenon is also named as.
a. Bicarbonate shift b. Chloride shift
c. Hydrogen shift
d. Sodium shift
19. About 5% of CO2 is transported as
a. Carbamino compound
b. Bicarbonate of Na and K
c. Carbonic acid in plasma
d. RBC and hormones
20. oxygen is transported to every cell of the body through
a. RBC
b. WBC
c. RBC and WBC
d. RBC and hormones
21. Forced deep breathing for a few minutes by a person sitting at rest may be followed by a
temporary cessation pf breathing. This is due to
a. Too much oxygen in blood
b. Too much carbon-di-oxide in blood
c. Very little carbon-di-oxide in blood
d. Both too much oxygen and very little carbon-di-oxide in blood.
22. What are the hairs which line the mucous membrane and help filter and eliminate particulates.
a. Cilia
b. Villi
c. Alveoli
d. Bronchi.
ANSWERS
1.a
2.d
3.b
4.a
5.b
6.a
7.d
8.d
9.a
14.b
15.a
16.a
17.a
18.b
19.a
20.a
21.c
22.c
10.a
11.b
12.c
13.d
CHAPTER 18
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Circulatory system consists of heart, veins, articles and capillaries through which blood
circulates. The blood supplies food and oxygen to the living cells of the body and removes the
metabolic waste products
2. In lower aquatic forms of life (sponges and Hydra.) there is water circulatory system instead of
blood circulatory. In insects, prawn and spiders, there is open circulatory system where blood
flows freely in the open spaces of the body cavity and channels called lacunae and sinuses.
3. All vertebrates, most of the annelids and some molluscs have closed circulatory system where
blood flows in the blood vessels and it never comes in direct contact with the body tissues.
4. Heart is the main pumping organ of blood vascular system. In fishes, heart is two chambered
and in amphibians, it is three chambered. In reptiles, heart is three and half-chambered where
ventricle is incompletely partitioned. Mammalian heart s four chambered and is enclosed by
double walled structure pericardium.
5. The human heart is internally divided in to four chambers-right and left auricles, right and
leftventricles. The right side of the heart containes the deoxygenated blood and left side with
oxygenated blood.
6. The cardiac cycle is composed of rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the auricles and
ventricles and human heart beats approx. 72 times per minute.
7. The first heart sound-‘LUBB’ commences due to sudden closure of the AV values at the onset
of ventricular systole. The second heart sound –‘DUP’ occurs due to sharp closure of semilunar
valves at the onset of ventricular diastole.
8. The heart beat originates from the sinuatrial node(SA) and pasess to AV node, AV-bundles and
finally to Purkinjee fibres.
9. The circulation of Blood from heart to lunges and back to heart constitutes the body except
lunges and back to heart constitutes the systematic circulation.
10. Man has a hepatic portal system to absorb the essential nutrients from the small intestine but
renel portal system is absent.
11. Blood pressure is the lateral pressure with which blood pushes against the walls of the blood
vessels while flowing through it. Sphygmomanometer is used to measure the blood pressure
and its normal value in human is expressed as 120/80 mm of Hg.
12. A clear fluid called interstitial fluid surrounds the cells of a tissue and its composition is almost
same as that of blood pressure. This fluid enters the tiny channels called lymph vessels and the
fluid collected in them is lymph.
13. The lumphatic vessels unite together and form large lymph vessels. Number of such vessels
open into right lymphatic duet and thoracic duet and finally to veins.
14. Normally, the rate of lymph formation is equal to the rate of its return to the blood stream. The
increased volume of lymph around the cells creates a swelling called oedema.
DEFINITIIONS AND TERMS
15. Bicuspid valve: A valve consisting of two flaps.
16. Blood Pressure: Lateral pressure of blood exerted on the wall of blood vessel.
17. Chordae tendineae: A strong chord like structure arising from ventricular muscles.
18. Closed Circulatory System: The blood flows in arteries and veins.
19. Coelenteron: A central water filled body cavity of the hydra.
20. Capillary: Extremely thin walled branches of circulatory system connecting arteriol and
venule.
21. Diastole: Relaxation of the heart muscles.
22. DUP: Sudden closure of semilunar valves poduces ‘dup’sound.
23. ECG: A record of heart beat.
24. Heart beat: The rhythmical contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles.
25. Hypertension: Enhanced blood pressure.
26. Haemocole: A body cavity in insects lacking true epithelial lining.
27. Haemolymph: A blood of insects lacking hemoglobin.
28. Inferior Vena Cava: The main vein conveiying blood from the posterour parts of the body to
heart.
29. LUBB: first heart sound caused due to sharp closure of AV valves.
30. Myogenic heart: Heart beat is triggered by modified muscles.
31. Nearogenic Heart: Heart beat is trigged by nerve impulses.
32. Oedema: Swelling of body organ due not confine in blood vessels.
33. Pace maker: SA node; to initiate heart beat.
34. Pericardium: Outer covering of heart.
35. pulmonary circulation: Pumping of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
36. Sinuatrial node: A node present in the right auricle to initiate the heart beat.
37. Stethoscope: An instrument to hear the heart beat.
38. Sphygmomanometer: An instrument to measure the BP.
39. Superior vena cava: The main vein which brings blood from the anterior regions of the body to
the right auricle of the heart.
40. Systematic circulation: The flow of blood from the heart to various parts of the body (except
lungs) and back to the heart.
41. Systole: Contraction of the heart muscles.
QUESTIIONS
1. The heart normally pumps blood with lesser force in the old people than in the young because
a. The oxygen content per unit volume of blood decreases
b. The nutrient content per unit volume of blood decreases
c. The elasticity of arteries decreases
d. The elasticity of arteries increases
2. A heart murmur indicates a defective
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. Pummonary artery
d. Heart valve.
3. What will happen to the body of an adult man if spleen is removed ?
a. RBC production will be lowered
b. Antibody production will be less
c. Filtration of dead RBC will not be there
d. WBC production will be lowered.
4. A yellow substance oozing out from wound has
a. Lymph + RBC + WBC b. Lymph + RBC + dead bacteria
Lymph + WBC + dead bacteria
b. Lymph + dead leucocytes.
5. When whole blood is stored with an anticoagulant at 40C, the K+ ions move out from RBC into
plasma. The likely reason for this is that
a. RBC hemolyse and hence leakage of K+ ions
b. Active transport ceases resulting in ionic equilibrium
c. K+ ions becomes more mobile at 40C
d. The anticoagulant attracts K+ ions into plasma.
6. Which one of the statement is correct with reference to the circulation of blood in a mammal?
a. Left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
b. Pulmonary artery returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left auricle.
c. Pulmonary vein carried venous blood from right auricle to lungs
d. Venous blood is returned to the left auricle.
7. The impulse of the heart beats originates in
a. Ravnier’s node
b. Hensen’s node
c. Sinu-auricular node d. Auriculo-ventricular node
8. Pacemaker is
a. An instrument to measure heart beat
b. An instrument to measure pulse rate
c. Sinu-auricular node from which the impulse of heart beat originates
d. Auriculo-ventricular node from which impulse of heat beat originates
9. Mammals have biconcave RBCs. The physiological use for it is
a. To decrease the surface area
b. To increase the surface area
c. To be packed like coins
d. None of the above
10. If glucose is to be injected in human blood, the property to be matched with glucose is
a. Density
b. Viscocity
c. Osmotic potential
d. Sugar group
11. Thrombosis in which coronary artery is met most frequently in myocardial infarction.
a. Right coronary artery
b. Left anterior descending artery
c. Left circumflex coronary artery d. Right circumflex coronary artery
12. The chief function of lymph nodes in mammalian body is to
a. Destroy the old and worn out RBCs
b. Produce a hormone
c. Produce white blood cells
d. Collect and destroy pathogens
13. The first heart sound is
a. ‘LUBB’ sound at the end of systole
b. ‘DUP’ sound at the end of systole
c. ‘LUBB’ sound at the beginning of systole d. ‘DUP’ sound at the beginning of systole
14. The artery can be distinguished from the vein in having
a. Thicker walls with no valves
b. more blood cells with valves
c. Carrying blood to various parts
d. Impure blood only
15. Arteries are
a. Thin walled and blood flows under diminished pressure
b. Thick walled and blood flows under high pressure
c. Thin walled and blood flows under high pressure
d. Thick walled and blood flows under diminished pressure
16. The vessel leasing blood to Bowman’s capsule is
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Pulmonary vein
c. Afferent arteriole
d. Renal vein
17. Chordae tendinae in the heart are found in
a. Ventricle
b. Left auricle
c. Right auricle
d. None of the above
18. Blood leaving liver and moving to the heart has usually high concentration of
a. urea
b. Bile
c. Glucose
d. Erythrocytes
19. Human spleen
a. Controls pulse rate b. Secretes hormones c. Regulates heart beat d. Controls blood volume
20. In which chemical form, CO2 is transport by the blood?
a. Pushing of venous valves
b. Contraction of SA-node c. Suction pull
d. Pressure difference between caval veins and atrium
21. In which chemical form, CO2 is transported by the blood?
a. Sodium carbonate b. Potassium carbonate c. Sodium bicarbonate d. Potassium bicarbonate
22. A vein has a large lumen because
a. Tunica interna and tunica media appear like a single coat
b. Tunica interna, tunica media and tunica externa are thin
c. Tunica media and tunica externa appear like a single coat
d. Tunica media is a single coat
ANSWERS
1.d
2.d
15.b 16.a
3.c
4.b
5.b
6.a
7.c
8.c
17.a
18.a
19.d
20.d
21.c
22.d
9.b
10.c
11.a
12.d
13.c
14.a
CHAPTER 19
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Excretion is the elimination of the harmful metabolic products from the body. The
accumulation of these products beyond threshold value produces toxicity to the body.
2. The nitrogenous excretory products are ammonia, urea and uric acid. These are non-volatile
and are excreted out in aqueous solution or in suspension. The other volatile excretory products
are carbon-di-oxide, water and excess of various pigments like bilirubin, biliverdin, urochrome
and drugs etc.
3. Animals are classified into three categories on the basis of excretory products. Ammonotelic
animals excrete nitrogenous waste products predominantly in the form of ammonia; ureotelic
and uricotelic animals excrete in the form of urea and uric acid respectively. Ammonia is
highly tixic as compared to urea or uric acid. The uric acid is least toxic.
4. Excretory organs in platyhelminthes(liver fluke, tapeworms) are flame cells. In annelids (nereis
and earthworm), the nephridia are the excretory organs. Prawn have green glands for
excreation whereas insects excrete through the malpighian tubules.
5. Excretory system of man consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters ,a urinary blader and a
urethra. Kidneys lie in the abdominal cavity on either side of vertebral column. Each kidney is
made up of numerous delicate nephrous where urine formation occurs.
6. Physiology of excretion involves the formation of urea and urine. The urea formation occurs in
the liver through sequence of reactions in the form of cycle calle das ornithine cycle. The urine
formation in the nephron occurs through three main steps – glomercular filtration, selective
reabsorption and tubular secretion.
7. The countercurrent mechanism operates within Henle’s loop as well as in the vasa rectae which
helps in concentrating the urine (hypertonic) in the mammals and birds.
8. A regulation of urine formation takes place through hormones and nerves. Aldosterone
hormone accounts for absorption of sodium by the renal tubules; ADH us secreted when the
water content of the body is low and hypertonic urine is formed. In the complete cessation of
ADH, no absorption of water occurs and hypotonic urine is excreted out.
9. Micturition is the process of accumulation and expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder
from time to time. The micturition can be voluntarily initiated and inhibited.
10. Osmoregualtion is the maintenance of water and osmotic concentration of blood in an animal.
Kidneys help in regulating osmoregulation and they excrete hypotonic or hypertonic urine
depending upon the availability of water and salt in the blood.
11. Skin, lungs, liver and intestine are the accessory organs of excretion. In higher animals, skin is
glandular due to the presence of sebaceous and sweats glands. The sebaceous and sweat glands
secrete sebum and sweat respectively.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
12. Ammonotelism: Excretion of ammonia
13. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary to absorb water
form uriniferous tubule.
14. Bowman’s Capsule: The cup shaped anterior part of nephron enclosing a tuft of capillaries
15. Detrusor muscles: Well developed muscular layer of urinary bladder.
16. Diuretics: Substances which enhance the volume of urine to be excreted.
17. Excretion: The elimination of metabolic waste from the body.
18. Flame Cells: An excretory organ of tapeworm and liver fluke etc.
19. Green glands: Excretory structure of adult prawn(Crustacean).
20. Hemodialysis: Elimination of wastes with an artificial kidney.
21. Hilus renalis: The opening in the kidney through which blood vessels and lymphatic enter or
leave.
22. Malpighian Tubules: The fine, spiral or thread like tubules for excretion in insects.
23. Micturition: Expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder on frequent intervals.
24. Nephron: Structural and functional unit of kidney
25. Nephridia: Excretory organs in annelids.
26. Osmoregulation: Removal of excess water from the body to keep water content constant.
27. Renin: An enzyme secreted by kidney to convert angiotensinogen of liver into angiotensin.
28. Urinod: The volatile organic substances that provide aromatic odour to urine.
29. Ureotelism: The elimination of urea.
30. Uricotelism: Excretion in the form of uric acid.
31. Urochrome: Provides the pale yellow colour to the urine.
32. Uremia: A pathological condition where blood urea level arises above the normal value.
33. Urethra: The duct that expels urine from kidney to the urinary bladder.
34. Ureter: The duct that conveys urine from kidney to the urinary bladder.
35. Vasa rectae: Capillaries around the loop of Henle.
QUESTIONS
1. In man, the urea is mainly produced in
a. Liver
b. Kidneys
c. Gall bladder
d. Spleen
2. The conversion of a protein waste, the ammonia into urea, occurs in
a. Kidneys
b. Lungs
c. Intestine
d. Liver
3. The Kidneys resemble the contractile vacuoles of protozoans in
a. Expelling out excess of water
b. Expelling out glucose
c. Expelling out urea and uric acid
d. Expelling out salts
4. The snakes and birds are mainly
a. Ammonotelic
b. Aminotelic
c. Ureotelic d. Uricotelic
5. Taking into account the structure of human kidney which is not include
a. Cortex
b. Medulla
c. Urethra
d. Pelvis
6. In man, the kidney stone is formed by
a. Blockage by fats
b. Deposition of sand in kidney
c. Localization of protein in the kidney
d. Salts such as oxalate crystalised in pelvis
7. The urine of a man suffering from Diabetes inspidus is
a. Sweaty and watery
b. Sweaty and thick c. Tasteless and watery d. Tasteless and thick
8. Columns of Bellini in the kidneys of mammals are formed as extension of
a. Medulla into cortex
b. Cortex into medulla
c. Medulla itno pelvis
d. Pelvis into ureter.
9. A person who is starving ie, not having food, water and beverages, will have
a. More urea in his blood
b. Less urea in his urine
c. Less fats in his urine
d. More glucose in his blood
10. Those animals which excrete a large amount of NH3 are
a. Terrestrial
b. Egg-laying
c. Amphibians
d. Aquatic
11. Which one of the following is likely to accumulate in a dangerous proportion in the blood of a
person whose kidney is not working properly?
a. Lysine
b. Ammonia
c. NaCl
d. Urea
12. There is no sugar in urine. The blood entering the kidney has more sugar than leaving the
kidney because
a. Sugar is used by kidney cells in metabolism
b. Sugar is absorbed by bladder
c. Sugar is absorbed by proximal converted tubule
d. Sugar is absorbed in loop of Henle.
13. A condition in which urea contains blood is called
a. Creatinine
b. Anuria
c. Hematuria
d. Ketonuria
14. When a person is suffering from poor reabsorption, which one of the following will bot help in
maintenance of blood volume
a. Decreased glomercular filtration
b. Increased ADH secretion
c. Decreased arterial pressure in kidneys
d. Increased arterial pressure in kidney
15. The plasma resembles in its composition with the filtrate produced in the glomerulus except for
the presence of
a. Chlorides
b. Amino acids
c. Glucose
d. Proteins
16. Mark the odd one:
a. Ammonotelism
b. Micturition
c. Ureotelism
d. Uricotelism
17. Kidneys of man are analogous to
a. Food vacuoles
b. Central vacuoles c. Water vacuoles
d. Contractile vacuoles
18. In the glomerulus of a kidney
a. Afferent glomerular capillary is wider than efferent glomerular capillary
b. Affrent glomerular capillary is narrower than efferent glomerular capillary
c. Afferent glomerular arteriole is narrower than efferent glomerular arteriole
d. Afferent glomerular arteriole is wider than efferent glomerular arteiole.
19. Malpighian body consisits of
a. Bowman’s capsule and medullary rays
b. Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
c. Glomerulus and collecting duct
d. None of these.
20. Which of the following are not filtered in the glomerulus?
a. Urea
b. Blood cells
c. Water
d. Glocose
21. Ammonotelic animals are those which
a. Absorb food in the form of ammonium compounds
b. Predominantly excreate in the form of ammonia
c. Have an affinity for ammonia
d. None of these.
22. Uricotelic animals are
a. Those in which the undigested food is rich in uric acid
b. Those which consume uric acid enriched food
c. Those in which final excretory product is the form of acid.
d. None of these.
23. Uric acid is a kind of
a. Purine
b. Pyrimidine
c. Acid
d. Amino scid
24. Which of the following amino acids involved in the ornithine cycle?
a. Ornithine, citruline and arginine
b. Arginine, Lysine and methionine
c. Ornithine, Lysine and methionine
d. None of these
25. The glomerular filtrate is also called as
a. Urine
b. Primary urine
c. Concentrated urine
d. None of these
ANSWERS
1.a
2. d
3.a
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. c
8.d
9. b
14. d 15. d 16. b 17. d 18. d 19. b 20. b 21. b 22. c
10. d 11. d 12. a
23. a
24. a
25. b
13. c
CHAPTER 20
LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Movement is the characteristics feature of all living organisms where the whole body remains
fixed but movement of body parts occur. The living multicellular organisms show two types of
movements- locomotion and movements of body parts. Locomotion is the physical movement
of the body from one place to another.
2. The animals move their body parts in order to change their shape, size and directions but the
whole body remains fixed. Some cells of multicellular animals exhibit different types of nonmuscular movements like unicellular organism and these include amoeboid (amoeba), ciliary
(paramecium), flagellar (sperms), and cytoplasmic (cytoplasm).
3. In higher animals, movements and locomotion depend on the association of skeletal muscles
with the skeletal system.
4. A muscles consists of number of muscles fibres which have the property to contract along their
longitudinal axis to bring about body movements. The muscles fibres are classified into three
major categories : skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
5. Excitability and contractibility, refractory period, tonicity, conductibility, tensity and elasticity
are the various properties of the skeletal muscles.
6. The muscles fibre consists of actin and myosin filaments. During contraction, ATP is
hydrolysed to ADP to provide the required energy. The Cori’s cycle and creatine phosphate.
7. Human skeleton consists of bones and cartilage. These are 206 bones in human. Skull,
vertebral column, ribs, sternum form the axis of the skeleton. Limbs are attached to the axial
skeleton with the help of girdles.
8. Joints are the points of articulation of two or more bones. These joints may be fibrous,
cartilaginous and synovial. Arthritis is a disorder of bone where inflammation of the joints
occur. Osteoporosis is an age-dependent systematic disorder characterized by low bone mass,
micro architectural deterioration of the bone and increased fragility.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
9. Actin: A protein constituting the I-band of muscle.
10. Arthritis: Inflammation of the joints
11. Biceps: Muscles lying in front of the joints
12. Cardiac muscles: Muscles that are striated and occur exclusively on the heart.
13. Fascicule: Bundles of muscle fibres that are grouped together.
14. Floating ribs: Eleventh and twelfth ribs that remain free anteriorly
15. Gout: A disorder of joint that occurs due to excessive formation of uric acid or inability to
excrete it.
16. Joint: Place of articulation between two or more bones.
17. Lacunae: The irregular spaces in the ground substance of bone where osteocytes are present.
18. Myoglobin: A red coloured pigment present in the sarcoplasm of muscle.
19. Myosin: A protein constituting the A-band of muscle fibres.
20. Oxygen debt: Extra oxygen consumed during recovery of fatigue.
21. Patella: A triangular bone in the knee
22. Pseudopodia: Temporary projections of the cell
23. Sarcomere: A portion of a myofibril in between any two successive Z lines.
24. Sternum: Breast bone situated along the midline of the thorax
25. Triceps: Muscles lying behind the upper arm
QUESTIONS
1. The articulation of femur and pelvic girdle is an example of
a. Gliding joint
b. Pivot joint
c. Hinge joint
d. Ball and socket joint
2. The contraction of muscles of shortest duration is seen in
a. Jaws
b. Eye lids
c. Heart
d. Intestine
3. The longest visceral muscles are found in
a. Vasa deferens
b. Normal uterus
c. Pregnant uterus
d. Abdomen
4. When the head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity, joint is
a. Ball and socket joint
b. Hinge joint
c. Pivot joint d. Saddle joint
5. Which of the following movement sin mammalian skeleton represents the leverage of the third
order (force applied) at a point between fulcrum and the point of resistance?
a. Biceps, muscles flexing arm at elbow
b. Triceps muscles extending are at elbow
c. Gastroenemius muscle raising weight of the body on toes.
d. Movements of the head of femur in the acetabulum of pelvic girdle.
6. At times, the ligaments are over stretched or torn, it is called
a. Dislocation
b. Gracture
c. Sprain
d. Tension
7. The dark bands (A-bands) of a skeletal muscle are known as
a. Isotropic
b. Anisotropic bands
c. Intercalated disc d. Cross bridges
8. The joint of wrist is of
a. Hinge type
b. Ball and socket type
c. Pivot type
d. None of these
9. Which of the following is an example of hinge joints?
a. Humerus and radio-ulna
b. Femur and acetabulum
c. Humerus and acetabulum
d. Glenoid and humerus
10. Electron microscopic studies of the sacromers have revealed that during muscle contraction
a. The width of A-band remains constant
b. The width of H-zone becomes smaller
c. The width of I-band increases
d. The diameter of the fibre increases
11. When we lift a heavy object
a. Triceps contracts and biceps relaxes
b. Biceps contracts and triceps relaxes
c. Both biceps and triceps contract
d. Both biceps and triceps relax
12. The strongest muscle of the body is found in
a. Wrist
b. Thigh
c. Jaws
d. Fingers
13. Which bone in man is concerned with locomotion?
a. Ulna
b. Femur
c. Humerus d. None of these
14. Inter-phalangial joints are also called as
a. Fixed joints
b. Hinge joints
c. Movable joints
d. Straight joints
15. In human body, the number of the bone is
a. 106
b. 426
c. 306
d. none of these
16. In man, the ribs are attached to
a. Clavicle
b. Coracoid c. Sternum
d. None
17. Pelvic is found in
a. Girdle
b. Kidney
c. Both
d. None
18. The fibrous tissue which connects the bone is
a. Connective tissue
b. Tendon
c. Adipose tissue
d. Ligament
19. Joint between femur and pelvic girdle is
a. Hinge joint
b. Ball and socket joint
c. Rotatory
d. Pivot
CHAPTER – 22
CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION
IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Hormones are organic substances secreted by endocrine glands directly into blood stream.
They may be proteins, amino acids and steroids.
2. The main endocrine glands of the human body are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testis and ovary.
3. Pituitary is a small and complex gland situated on the ventral side of the brain behind optic
chiasma. It secretes STH, TSH, ACTH gonadotropins, MSH, oxytocin and vasopressin.
4. Hypothalamus secretes neurohormones which control the activity of pituitary gland. It is
situated at the base of brain.
5. Thyroid is found in the neck region below the larynx, it secretes thyroxine which is under the
regulatory control of TSH. The hypothyroidism leads to cretinism, myxodema and goiter
whereas hyperthyroidism causes exophthalmia.
6. Parathyroid control the blood calcium level of the body. It enhances blood calcium level by
mobilizing more calcium from the bone to the plasma and reduces urinary elimination of
calcium.
7. Adrenals are paired endocrine glands which lie a little above the kidneys. The adrenai cortex
secretes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones which are under the regulatory
control of ACTH. Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones namely adrenalin and noradrenalin
8. The endocrine part of pancreas is constituted of islet of Langerhans. The beta cells of the islets
of Langerhans secretes insulin whereas alpha cells secretes glucagon.
9. The cells of tests secretes testosterone which are controlled by the ICSH of anterior pituitary.
Testosterone control the growth and development of male secondary sexual characters.
10. Ovary secretes progesterone, estrogens and human chorionic gonadotropin. Progesterone
brings about pregnancy changes whereas estrogen stimulates the growth, maturation and
function of female secondary sex organs.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
11. Acromegaly: Abnormal growth in extremities of the body due to over secretion of GH.
12. Antidiuresis: A production of small quantity of concentrated urine due to hyper secretion of
ADH.
13. Birth hormone: Oxytocin; secreted by posterior pituitary
14. Corpus lutenum: A mass of big, conical and yellow cells formed from a ruptured graafian
follicles after ovulation.
15. Cretinism: A disorder in children due to hypothyroidism
16. Diabetes Mellitus: Failure of insulin secretion leads to excretion of sugar in the urine.
17. Eunuchoidism: A disease where secondary sex organs remain infantile and small in size, in the
deficiency of testosterone secretion.
18. Exophthalmic goiter: Hyoerthyroidism; a variable degree of swelling of thyroid gland and
bulging of eye balls.
19. Gigantism: A disorder due to excessive secretion of GH in childhood or puberty.
20. Glycosuria: A condition where sugar level in the blood increases.
21. Gonadotropin: FSH, LH and LTH which stimulate the gonads of both the sexes.
22. Hormone: Organic substances secreted by the endocrine glands directly into the blood stream.
23. Hypoglycemia: Disease in the blood sugar level due to hypersecretion of insulin
24. Myxedema: Hypothyroidism in adults.
25. Neurohormones: Chemical substances released in the external environment as the products of
exocrine glands.
26. Sella tursica: A body depression behind the optic chiasma for situating pituitary gland.
27. STH: Somatotropin (GH), secreted by anterior pituitary gland
28. Target organ: Organ on which the hormones act.
29. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone): Absorbs water in the nephrons of the kidney.
QUESTIONS
1. What is the another name for the pituitary gland?
a. The tests
b. The hypophysis
c. The thyroid
d. The tonsil
2. What gland consists largely of developing lymphocytes?
a. The pituitary
b. The tests
c. Glomerulus
d. The thymus
3. What serves as link between the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system?
a. The Thymus
b. The hypothalamus
c. The blood
d. The cerebrum
4. What is the ‘female’ hormone?
a. Estrogen
b. Lymphocyte
c. Glucose
d. Ovarium
5. What is the antigen to glucogen?
a. Estrogen
b. Glucanoff
c. Calcium
d. Insulin
6. Where are the adrenal glands located?
a. Beneath the liver
b. Over the top of each kidney
c. On each side of the heart d. In the neck
7. What does corpus luteum secretes?
a. Hemoglobin
b. Progesterone
c. Testosterone
d. Estrogen
8. Hormones were discoverd by
a. W.M Bayliss
b. E.H Starling
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of these
9. Facial hair protein hormones are located
a. UV radiation
b. Temperature
c. Hormones
d. Pollution
10. Receptors for protein hormones are located
a. In cytoplasm
b. On cell surface
c. In nucleus
d. On endoplasmic reticulum
11. Table salt is often iodised for certain areas to prevent
a. Scurvy
b. Goitre
c. Acromegaly
d. Rickets
12. A tadpole whose thyroid gland had been removed could be made to metamorphose if
a. Fed with dried thyroid gland
b. Given an injection of thyroxine
c. Given an injection of oxytocin
d. Given an injection of tyrotropic stimulating hormone
13. Parathormone induce
a. Increase in blood sugar level
b. Decrease in blood sugar level
c. Increase in serum calcium level
d. Decrease in serum calcium level
14. blood calcium level can be increased by administration of
a. Glucagon
b. parathormone
c. Thyroxine
d. Calcitonin.
15. If parathyroid gland degerates, which activity is disturbed?
a. Growth
b. Calcium concentration
c. Potassium concentration
d. Sodium concentration
16. Adrenal cortex produces
a. Adrenalin
b.Epinephrine
c.Aldosterone
d. Calcitomin
17. Pituitary gland is under the control of
a. Pineal gland
b.Hypothalamus
c. Adrenal gland
d. Thyroid gland
18. A substance called ADH is
a.A hormone that promotes glycogenesis in liver cells
b.An enzyme secreted by cells of intestinal wall;hydrolyses dipeptides into amino acids
c. A pituitary secretion which promotes reabsorption of water from glomeruler filtrate.
d. A high energy compound involved in muscles contraction
19. Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of
a. Insulin
b. Vasopressin
c. Oxytosin
d.Thymosin
20. FSH is formed by
a.Posterior pituitary lobe
b. Middle pituitary lobe
c. Adrenal cortex
d. Anterior pituitary lobe
21. Reabsorption of water in distal parts of kidney tubules/urine concentration is controlled by
a. Vasopressin/ADH
b.Oxytocin
b.Calcitonin
d. Relaxin.
22. The reabsorption of water in the kidney is under the control of a hormone
a.LH
b.ADH
c.STH
d.ACTH
23. Ovulation in mammals is caused by
a.FSH and TSH
b.FSH and LH
c.FSH and LTH
d.LTH and LH
24. Melanocyte stimulating hormone is secreted by
a.Anterior lobe of pituatory
b. Median lobe of pituitary
c. Posterior lobe of pituitary
d. Not by any lobe of pituitary
25. Which hormone is responsible for ovulation
a. FSH
b.LH
c. Testosterone
d Oestrogen
26. Pancreas secretes
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
b. Both insulin and glucagon
d. Secretin
27. Failure of reduced insulin production causes
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Addison’s diseases
d. Cushing diseases
28. Testosterone hormone is secreted by
a. Sertoli cells
b.Leydig’s cells
c. Oxyntic cells
d. Pituitory gland
29. Progesterone hormone is secreted by
a. Corpus callosum
b. Corpus albicans
c. Corpus luteum in overies
d. Corpus uteri
30. Which disease is caused by the deficiency of thyroxine in adult?
a.Diabetes insipidus
b. Diabetes mellitus
b. Myxedema
d. Exophthalmic goiter
31. Metamorphosis can be accelerated by
a.I2
b.P
c.K
d. Ca
32. Vasopressin related with
a. Quick digestion
b Slow heart rate
c. Concentration of urine
d. Dilution of urine
33. The reabsorption of water in the kidney is under the control of a hormone
a. LH
b. LDH
c. STH
d. ACTH.
34. Continued secretion of milk is maintained by
a. Prolactin
b. progesterone
c. Oestrogen d. Aldosterone
35. In a bacterium, there is no insulin formation. For its formation, we should insert
a. Plasmids
b. œ-cells
c. ß-cells
d. insulin
36. Of the pancreatic duct of a healthy dog is blocked an hour after it had its food, which one of the
following functions of the pancreas will not be affected
a. Carbohydrate digestion
b. Neutralization of chime
c. Break down of protein
d. maintenance of normal blood sugar level.
37. Maximum iodine thyroid gland is
a. Thyroxine
b. Thyroidine c. Parathyroxin
d. Thyroportein.
38. The hormone which regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body is secreted by
a. Thyroid
b. parathyroid
c. thymus
d. pancreas.
39. Which of the hormone is responsible for the emotional states such as fear, anger, pain, causes
rise in blood pressure and the rate of heart beats?
a. Insulin
b. thyroid
c. Adrenal
d. Pancreas.
40. Which hormone has the anti-insulin effect?
a. Calcitonin
b. Cortisol
c. Oxytocin d. Aldosterone.
41. Addison’s disease, after the name of Thomson Addition is due to defect in
a. pituitary
b. Thyroid
c. Adrenal
d. Pancreas
42. When a normal frog heart is injected with physiological concentration of adrenaline, it shows
a. Systolic arrest
b. Sustained increased rate
c. First increased rate, then normal rate
d. Decreased rate.
43. Hormone responsible for the implementation of embryo in uterus and formation of placenta is
a. Adrenaline
b. Progesterone
c. Estradiol d. FSH
44. Adrenal cortex secretes androgen, it is
a. Testosterone
b. Andreosterone
c. progesterone
d. Aldosterone
45. Hypophysis is an alternate name for
a. Thyroid gland
b. Pituitary gland
c. Thymus gland
d. pineal gland
46. Gland responsible for calcium metabolism is
a. Thymus
b. Thyroid
c. parathyroid
d. Adrenal
47. Which of the mammalian ovary part acts as endocrine gland after ovulation?
a. Stroma
b. Graafian follicles
c. Germinal epithelium
d. Vitelline membrane
48. Corpus Iuteum is a part of
a. Mid brain
b. mammalian lung
c. Hind brain
d. Mammalian ovary
ANSWERS
1.b
2.d
14.b
3.b
4.a
5.d
6.b
7. b
8.c
9.c
10.b
11.b
12.b
13. c
15. b 16.c
17.b
18.c
19.b
20.d
21.a
22.b
23.b
24.b
25.b
26.c
27.a
28.b
29.c
30.c
31.a
32.c
33.b
34.a
35.a
36.d
37.b
38.b
39.c
40.a
41.c
42.c
43.b
44.b
45.b
46.c
47.b
48.d